Electrophoresis Machine Essay

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory procedure used to separate biological molecules with an electrical current. In this lesson, we’ll review how agarose gel electrophoresis works and introduce the equipment necessary to perform an electrophoresis experiment. Separation of DNA molecules of different sizes can be achieved by using an agarose gel. Recall that agarose is a polysaccharide that can be used to form a gel to separate molecules based on size. Because of the gelatin-like nature of agarose, a solution of agarose can be heated and cooled to form a gel in a casting tray. Think of casting the agarose gel like pouring hot gelatin into a mold. The hot agarose liquid is poured into a casting tray. Once the mixture cools, a thin agarose brick will form. To ensure there’s a place to put the DNA in the gel, a comb is placed in the agarose liquid before it cools. Each tooth in the comb will become a hole, or ‘well,’ in the solidified agarose gel. Once cast, this gel is placed inside a piece of equipment called a gel box. An electrode – one positive and one negative – resides at each end of the gel box. The wells are always oriented, so they’re farther from the positive electrode. This ensures that the DNA molecules in the well must travel through the majority of the agarose gel, thus providing sufficient time for separation. Air isn’t a great conductor of electricity, so we cover the gel with electrophoresis buffer. Electrophoresis buffer is a salt solution. It isn’t table salt, but the salt ions can carry an electrical charge just like salt water can. The salt in the electrophoresis buffer completes the circuit between the positive and negative electrodes. When the electrodes of the gel box are connected to a power supply, electricity flows through the electrical circuit, causing the negatively charged DNA molecules to move into the agarose gel. The DNA molecules continue to travel through the agarose toward the positive electrode as long as an electrical current is present. Recall that shorter DNA molecules travel through agarose faster than longer DNA molecules. In this way, agarose gel electrophoresis separates different DNA fragments based on size. Once the samples are loaded, the electrical current supplied by the power supply not only moves the DNA samples through the gel but the dye molecules as well. Note the colored lines that appear. These lines do not represent the DNA fragments. These lines represent the dye in the loading buffer that was used to visualize the samples during the loading step. Once the gel run is complete, the agarose gel can be removed from the gel box and soaked in an ethidium bromide solution. Recall that ethidium bromide is used to visualize DNA. Ethidium bromide molecules intercalate, or insert, between the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule. In summary, gel electrophoresis is a laboratory procedure used to separate biological molecules with an electrical current. Together with a gel box and a power supply, an agarose gel can be used to separate DNA molecules based on size. Loading buffer enables scientists to insert DNA samples into the wells of the agarose gel. Once the electrophoresis procedure is initiated, the dye in the loading buffer forms a dye front that is used to determine when the procedure is complete. When the electrophoresis procedure is complete, the agarose gel can be soaked in an ethidium bromide solution to visualize the DNA bands on a UV box.

Cmgt/554 Week 2

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital IT Department Patton-Fuller Community Hospital IT Department In order for an organization to be able to have an efficient and successful organization the proper Information Technology system (IT) must be in place, this document will demonstrate what system is in place to make sure system is running successfully. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is a prominent hospital that is known for specializing in pharmacy, radiology, surgery, and physical therapy.This community hospital has numerous departments and each has a different IT need, so understanding which programs will work and be compatible is their major objective. The patients of Patton-Fuller Hospital are accustomed to the quality service that the hospital provides with a focus on the different programs and services to help maintain a high degree of concern for its patients. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has an great quantity of technology and can be divided into many different areas providing an in-depth review of the advancements and shortfalls of organization.Understanding the OSI model is important to getting the proper IT system job done, so knowing how to fit these elements together to form working system is what will be explained. The networking department has the challenge of breaking down the current infrastructure to ensure a comprehensive analysis is done to provide a solution that will last for the three to five years. A major goal of the hospital is to protect the personal information of the patients who fall under the guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).HIPAA requires the protection and confidential handling of protected health information (â€Å"Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act†,  2012). To make sure that standards are meet, Patton-Fuller uses an encrypted storage system known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (Apollo Group, 2011). According to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Encryption Algorithms†Ã‚  (2012), Encryption is the process of converting a plaintext message into cipher text which can be decoded back into the original message. An encryption algorithm along with a key is used in the encryption and decryption of data.There are several types of data encryptions which form the basis of network security. Encryption schemes are based on block or stream ciphers. The hospital transmits information off a network called 1000Base-T. The information is s broken down to other departments such as Radiology, which uses a section of this network called 1000BaseF. â€Å"1000BASE-T is Gigabit Ethernet (1 gigabit is 1000 megabits per second) on copper cables, using four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair to achieve the gigabit data rate. 000BASE-T can be used in data centers for server switching, for uplinks from desktop computer switches, or directly to the desktop for broadband applications (Apollo Group, 2011). The nodes of the administrative function network utilize CAT 6 cabling. The connection point of the administrative functions network are connected to an Ethernet backbone. A single mode fiber cable, transmitting 1000 Base F, physically connects nodes attached to the clinical segment. The nodes attached to the clinical function segment is physically linked by single mode fiber cable and transmitting 1000 Base F.Both segments connect via a network bridge (Apollo Group, 2011). A DHCP server provides all workstations on the administrative function sectors with IP addresses. This is a good security practice to apply for the network black/white and color laser printers that utilize a static IP, so the MAC address is registered with the DHCP server to prevent malicious activity that would harm the networks and the DHCP service is run on the Exchange Server housed in the IT data center (Apollo Group, 2011).The Radiology department has special needs to be able to manage pictures and archive them. Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) is one of the standards used by the Radiology department along with the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) to run the flow of work. The Patton-Fuller Community Hospital runs this type of photo technology to be able to determine what the situation is with patients that are requiring images to determine the problem that the patient is facing (Apollo Group, 2011).Patton-Fuller Community Hospital uses layers 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. The OSI model is broken into seven layers that play a major important role in how the model functions on a functioning level. Patton-Fuller Hospital uses certain layers of the model, below is the function of each layer: Layer 1: Physical – This is the level of the actual hardware. It defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing.Layer 3: Network – The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and ad dressing are handled here. Layer 4: Transport  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This layer maintains  flow control  of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. Layer 5: Session – Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication with the receiving device. Layer 6: Presentation – Layer 6 takes the data provided by the Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand.Layer 7: Application – This is the layer that actually interacts with the operating system or application whenever the user chooses to transfer files, read messages or performs other network-related activities (Bhagchandani,  2011). The hospitals IT data center uses a Cisco router model, at the transport layer it is responsible for breaking large strings of data into manageable smaller packets. Error checking and elimination of duplicate packets is done at this layer as well.Patton-Fuller Community Hospital utilizes a network gatew ay device to interface both their clinical and administrative networks, along with the Internet Bhagchandani,  2011). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital also has a backbone infrastructure provides providing enough bandwidth to support video and other high quality of service services, these services are provided by most major hospitals across the nation so Patton must make sure that services provided can be achieved with a good system.However it does not have the necessary requirements for future needs. With the sale and deployment of networked equipment within the medical industry it is becoming more apparent that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital invest their future to be able to keep up with hospitals that provide these same services at a faster speed Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has the backbone infrastructure that provides sufficient bandwidth to support video and other high quality of service services. However it does not have the necessary requirements for future needs.With the sale and deployment of networked tools within the medical industry it is becoming more obvious that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital should think about investing in means of more bandwidth for further years. The whole system that the hospital uses takes the layers of the model and uses them as needed, information is pasted through the cables that in turn break the information down so that it can be divided into different operating systems for translation to doctors, nurses, insurance companies, lawyers, and more.The information is formatting so that it can be passed internally and externally. The layers in use by the hospital make it possible for the photo imagery to be sent via the chains in and out of the hospital to individuals who have a need to know. While using all the layers that they use the first priority of the day is to make sure each layer is safe to use for the reason that HIPPA information being shipped to different areas in and outside the hospital should always be secure.Any organization today must understand the OSI model and what goes into making a system work so that they are able to set their IT department in the most useful approach to flow great with the work being provided. Patton-Fuller Hospital understands that they have needs of privacy and being able to pass this delicate information to sources outside the hospital so they have chosen the systems that fit their needs. There are many different types of protocols that Patton-Fuller Community Hospital can benefit from to improve the services they provide to their patients and make it an easier job for its employees.Staying up-to-date with the technology that is present today will be able to help Patton-Fuller do that. References Bhagchandani, R. (2011). Networking Cheat Sheet . Retrieved from http://www. climbupon. com/stuffs/techmenu/45-networking-cheat-sheet? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=6030d5bf6d0f58e0de3ea68fb6a8c6e8 Encryption algorithms. (2012). Retrieved f rom http://www. networksorcery. com/enp/data/encryption. htm Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. dhcs. ca. gov/formsandpubs/laws/hipaa/Pages/1. 00%20WhatisHIPAA. aspx

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 8

Strategic management - Essay Example (Florio, 2003) In 1981 the British Telecommunications Act separated BT from the Post Office and began the process of liberalization. Consequently in 1982, Mercury, an ancillary of Cable and Wireless, was certified as a national fixed line network operator became a competitor of BT. In 1983 the government declared its duopoly policy which stated that the only telecom service providers for fixed lines in the nation would be BT and Mercury for the coming 7 years. (Summanen, and Pollitt, 2003p.2) In 1982 the government planned to privatize BT. In 1984 the plan was executed and BT was privatized: 50.2% of its stakes were sold to the public. The creation of Oftel under the Telecommunications Act 1984 after BT’s privatization, finally led to the separation of its regulatory and operational functions. The privatization of BT in 1984 showed signs of a new structure of the telecom industry that could fare better in a competitive framework than in the public sector. The need for investment in the operations and services and customer orientation was acknowledged. (BT’s response, 2005, p.7) The duopoly stage of BT, from 1984 to 1990, led to a soft landing into competition. Even though BT sold its manufacturing units shortly after its privatization, the number of employees grew from1984 to1990. (Summanen, Pollitt, 2003, p.4) In 1987 Iain Vallance was selected as the chairman of BT. The initial reorganization of British telecom as an integrated telecommunications corporation was made in the early 1990s. In April 1991, BT came up with a different business structure, which was the outcome of a yearlong reorganization. BT’s new establishment concentrated on definite market sectors to satisfy the needs of a variety of customers- individuals, small companies, and MNCs. At the same time, the objective of achieving a leading position as a global telecommunications operator was laid down.

Constitutional and Administrative Law Coursework Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law Coursework - Essay Example Griffith (1985) is extremely decisive of the comprehended deficiency of rule within Government sections. He commented that indispensable political reformation is crucial to hold back prerogative powers in any Department. Prerogative powers exist even now and it is very difficult to spot those powers precisely. For example in R v Home Secretary2 the court acknowledged the reality of a prerogative power, to preserve peace in the land and which had prior to this not been identified. Much of the constitution is principle and not law. For instance the powers of the Prime minister, as they are not law are uncontrollable by courts. This results in some doubts with regard to whether the courts are constantly eager to make certain that the government maintains its legal powers. According to Elliott & Quinn (1998, 368) "The Home Office is just one department responsible for British laws. The Law Officers' Department and the Lord Chancellor's Department also contribute to law reform. All cases brought up by the police for trial must be now taken up by the Crown Prosecution Service which is maintained by the Director of Public Prosecutions and they are answerable to the Attorney General and Solicitor General". The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme was a source of challenges and unavoidable especially in cases where huge sums of public money were dispersed to victims of crime. This was carried on via a non-statutory process which was governed by ministerial rules of thumb, without proper judicial purpose, or clear appellate rights (Harlow and Rawlings 1984, 388-398). After the turning point decision of R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board3 (CICB), which demonstrated that decisions of the CICB were reviewable and set the bases for the present review of the prerogative in common. Wade (1989, pp.59-60) debated that damages of the dupes of crime does not amount to exercise of a correct prerogative at all. The reason is that it is not different in role to the institution of a private trust. This view powerfully prefers Blackstone's stress on the 'singular and eccentrical' quality of true prerogative power to the account presented by Dicey based on its discretional character (Munro 1987, ch. 8). Nevertheless, the outlook that reimbursement is prerogative theme since it is non-statutory, and is also similar to the allocation of crown payment, is too acutely entrenched in the judicial awareness to be deserted now. A V Dicey specifies the Royal prerogative as "The residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority, which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the Crown". 4 William Blackstone on the other hand identifies the prerogative more firmly. He states that prerogative powers are those powers which "the King enjoys alone, in contradistinction to others, and not to those he enjoys in common with any of his subjects".5 Lord Parmoor in the De Keyser's Royal Hotel case of 1920 agreed with Blackstone's opinion of the prerogative powers.6 But Lord Reid in the Burmah Oil case of 1965 did not agree with this idea.7 The range of the Royal prerogative power is disgracefully difficult to decide. It is obvious that the continuation and degree of the power is a subject of common law. This makes the

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Free writing journal - Essay Example Everyone has the tendency to doubt and to question things. We are not perfect beings. That’s the reason why we see goodness in men and why it’s easy for us to doubt. Since we are imperfect beings, we know that there is always a tendency to turn to evil. But we expect each one of us not to. Why? Because we have the church to make sure that we are well-guided. But church teachings sometimes are not enough. When our expectations are not met, our frustrations lead us to the other side of the road. This happened to Goodman Brown. He expected the priests and other religious men and women that serve the church to stay true to the church. But when he found them at a cult gathering, he began to question and to doubt them. Since he believed that evil cannot turn the people he believed to be pure and good, his experience in the forest greatly disappointed and frustrated him. The story also emphasizes that we, as humans, can make our own decisions. And because of this, we tend to firmly stand for what we believe in. The problem is when you encounter an event that can shake this belief, that we are in control. Then, we will find a problem for everything. Why? Because humans tend to reason out. And we fail or do something out of our control, we look for reasons and

The Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology Coursework

The Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology - Coursework Example This has raised questions on the efficiency of the IT departments of companies in carrying out the requirements as stipulated in the act. There were also criticisms about the failure of SOX act in various aspects related to the IT. This paper discuss about the impact of S-OX act on the IT department and a review about the various aspects about the act. â€Å"IT supports the corporation’s drive to comply with SOX by securing and protecting financial data on the network.† (Networkinstruments.com, 2011) The Act requires the companies to impart the compliance process as an integrated business process. The Act also requires continuous risk management and also regular checks about the IT control measures that are put into place as per the Act. The act also put additional accountability on the officers or firm which attests that the companies’ financial reports are true and represents the present state of the firm. The relevant components for the S-OX are internal envir onment, Risk assessment, Control activities, Information and communication and Monitoring. (COSO framework) Sarbanes Oxley Act- Implementation and Impact upon IT departments In order to implement the act effectively, it is very crucial to keep the program cost effective and also sustainable. There should be a cost-effective process in place to provide a greater transparency into the infrastructure and control measures to assure the correctness of the financial reports. In order to keep a continuous track on the system it is very much important that all the processes must be automated and sustainable. When we try to understand the impact of S-OX on IT departments, we need to keep in mind that the act was primarily created for the detection of accounting fraud, make the higher management accountable for the malpractices if any in the organization. The IT comes into picture where it assists the financial practices undertaken in picture. Since all transactions would be recorded in the f ully computerized work environment and also all the audit processes would be recorded, the role of IT comes in. They are responsible for keeping a tab of all the transaction and audit and to retrieve these data when it is required. This essentially means that the pressure created on IT departments is not a direct result of the implementation of S-OX act, since the act is focussed on the accurate disclosure of the financial statements and making the people accountable for their actions. The pressure on the IT departments is coming from within the company as it is the only department which can realistically overview and keep a continuous track of the activities of a firm. â€Å"Companies are increasingly turning to technology in their Sarbanes-Oxley Act compliance efforts in order to automate internal controls or streamline their activities, according to new research and interviews last week with corporate executives.† (Hoffman, 2005) Involving IT would help to reduce the time and efforts that needed to create the compliance reports at quarterly and annually. This would also reduce the costs involved in the process. Benefits to IT department while adopting the Sarbanes Oxley Act The benefits of the Act cannot be limited as benefit to IT department alone. Since the positives would finally impact the performance of the company.

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial management - Essay Example Key principles that are followed by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers are as follows: First, the panel follows the principle of equal treatment for every shareholder. According to this principle, every shareholder of the firm that is getting taken over should get equal treatment. Even if all the security holders do not posses adequate control on the operation of the company, each of them should be protected. Second, the panel strictly follows the rule of providing adequate advice and information timely to all security holders. Third, the panel can not allow the creation of any false market for the shares of the offeree firm. According to this principle, a company is allowed to announce a merger or takeover only once after it becomes completely ready for the event to conduct. Fourth, it is not possible for any firm to perform any unauthorized frustrating activities without having any approval from its shareholders. According to this principle, a firm can not issue or sell any share f rom its treasury without proper approval from its shareholders. (Fisher, 2003) B. The Economic reasons for mergers and acquisitions are some economic benefits that are obtained by means of mergers and acquisitions. The benefits are as follows: Efficiency: Mergers and acquisitions help firms to add up their assets. ... Besides getting efficiency at operational level, mergers and acquisitions also help in providing efficiency at management level to some extent. When a firm involves in the process of merging with another firm or taking over the assets of any other company, then it becomes possible to generate a market controlled by corporate. (Hunt, 2009; Sherman and Hart, 2006) Financial benefits: By taking over the assets of other firms, a business organization can follow the route of diversification of its earnings. This type of diversification causes a significant fall in the variation in the area of profitability of the company and thus helps in making a reduction in the risks of bankruptcy as well as attendant costs. Market power effect: Mergers and acquisitions is also helpful in providing greater amount of market power that in turn offers many benefits to the companies who involve in the process of merging. (Galpin and Herndon, 2007) Sometimes mergers and actuations become unsuccessful for th e following reasons: First, mergers influence organizational culture to a large extent. On account of mergers and acquisitions the employees of the merging companies have to experience rigorous anxiety. This kind of anxiety causes a fall in the level of productivity. Second, frequently, mergers are done with wrong intentions. Often, mergers or takeovers are used for seeking glory or to express financial strength. Third, the success derived from mergers and acquisitions is frequently hindered by variations in the work cultures as well as corporate activities of the firm which are involved in the process of mergers and acquisitions. Fourth, once the process of mergers and acquisitions becomes complete, firms generally put their focus on the issues relating to cost reduction rather than