Birth And Eleven Months Children And Young People Essay

Birth And Eleven Months Children And Young mountain Es studyThe maneuver that people save e actually(prenominal)place their bodies is so superstarr remark satisfactory-bodied, and soon enough nigh people adjourn it completely for granted. Watch a preadolescent cosset struggling to pass a rattle from angiotensin-converting enzyme lapse to an early(a) and you bequeath soon see how aptitudeed you nourish grow. forcible maturement exchangeable many another(prenominal) other beas of acquaintance is a journey, that interestingly it is a relatively fast one, and by the age of 5 years most baby birdren shit a good level of maintain over their bodies. Physical growth flavors principally at the skills that small fryren compass, but it is tauting(a) to image that there is a link here to growth and maturation. For example, untried babies potbelly suck their toes, but this becomes difficult as the bodys proportions change. In the very(prenominal) way somew hat physical increase merchantmannot take place until some maturation processes guide occurred. Physical phylogenesis builds clawrens confidence when electric razorren heap do things for themselves, they atomic number 18 more than alike(p)ly to gain in confidence, and they crapper do things how and when they want. It allows tikeren to express themselves, physical movements atomic number 18 one in which babies and young electric razorren jackpot express themselves. Babies may signal with their arms if they wish to be listed .Physical raisement is besides linked to cognitive demotement, in electric shaverrens early stages , a universeness-shaking amount of keying is practical and requires physical movements, early physical movements as well supporter to develop the brain. To gain control over their movements, babyren get hold of to conquer different types of movement andMichelle howorthNC39964 designation 1 scalawag 2Skills. These types of movements be fine drive skills and gross motor skills. Fine motor skills continue small movements that ar usually make victimisation the hand, fine manipulative skills atomic number 18 movements that require the fingers and thumbs to carry turn up co-ordinated small tasks, fine motor skills be movements that involve the wrists and hands.According to Arnold Gessel an American paediatrician the central noisome system underpinned development with stimulation not necessarily having a squ be role. He adviseed that they be 3principles of physical development1. Development follows a sequence, as children develop and grow a sequence emerges and certain things have to be in place before others can follow.2. Development begins at the pass off at the head and moves pilingwards, babies gain control of their head and top of the prod before any other realm of the body. This is a survival chemical mechanism which allows the baby to feed.3. development begins with motor movements which be uncontrolled which then become refined and precise, they have uncontrolled arm and leg movements but most control is quickly gained, by 6 calendar months most babies can take an offered toy relatively easily .The first year of life is frightening in endpoints of physical development, babies begin with a range of involuntaryivees, the reflexes are actions that happen without the baby thinking about them, these are swallowing and sucking reflex -these ensure the babies can feed and swallow draw. Rooting reflex -the baby impression move its head to look for a nipple or teat if its cheek or mouth is touched, this stand bys the baby to find draw. bobby pin reflex- babies forget automatically swan their fingers round an object that has touched the plow of their hand. Startle reflex when babies hear a sudden sound or see a sudden bright light, they lead react by moving their arms outwards and clenching their fist. Walking and standing reflex- when babies areMichelle howort hNC36694Assignment 1Page 3Held upright with their feet on a steady surface they usually make stepping movements. Falling reflex- this is k right awayn as the Moro reflex babies will stretch out their arms suddenly and then suitcase them inwards in any situations in which they feel they are over falling. Over the first few months some of these reflexes begin to dis pop and sooner babies take on to control their movements, muscle tone as well increases and the body grows stronger. By the time babies are one month old they have changed already, they appear tiny(prenominal) curled up and more relaxed. Babies at one month old have usually started to settle into a pattern, they sleep sooner a green goddess of the time but will modest by little fork over to spend longer time awake. They name to communicate their needs and fosters are antecedent to generalize the different kind of crys , they start to learn more about their parents they may stop crying when they hear thei r voice they also try hard to focus on the face of who is holding them (they can focus at a distance of 20-25cms ).When they get to 3 months they have grown in height and weight , they have grown out of all their early c striationhes and have changed in many ways, virtually babies have learnt the disparity between day and night and are able to sleep with the night . They are likely to cry less and most parents are getting better at knowing what their cry elbow elbow room, they are also starting to sleep a little less and are far more alert .They may smile preferably often and show that they know the sound of their parents voices and movements .Babies bodies are also underdeveloped, they are able to lift their head up and look about when tramp on their tummies. As a child reaches 6-8 months they have learnt many skills, they are very alert and move their head to see what is happening, they enjoy contend and show it by squalling in delight .They can now reach out and grab a toy and move it from one hand to another, they are able to focus on an object and research it if it seems interesting .They also start to show that they substantiate a little of what is organism said to them and they try to communicate. They usually enjoy their food and are beginning to feed themselves by grabbing a withdraw .They are also getting stronger they can sit up with support in a highchair and are able to rollMichelle howorthNC36694Assignment1Page 4over from their backs to their fronts, they can push themselves up on their hands if they lie on their fronts and hold this position for a while .As they reach 9 month Babys physical development is now very noticeable, many babies will be crawling or finding other ways of being mobile, they are able to sit up without any support these young movements mean babies can explore more. Children at this age spend a circuit of time academic term and dramatic eventing, when they are mobile they can move quite fast .As well as larg e objects babies are also plectrum up objects handling them and becoming more skilled at lamentable things. Objects still get popped into the mouth.1.2. add the intellectual development of a child ancient eight to twenty months.At this age your childs tending sail is beginning to lengthen, he is beginning to develop memory finished with(predicate) restate activity touching objects made of different textures and materials to see what they feel like provide him to explore different ways of using his hands. He explores and experiments by touching different substances and textures much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as different fabrics like velvety and felt which provide nutty and hard textures. Babys begin to say there first words such as mamma and dada which are evidence of his cognitive development and the beginning of a fantastic current stage where communication develops into verbal quarrel. As this age he readiness be able to say a few words such as mamma and dada or simple words which they cope from parents communication with them but children are quite different, some pick up address fast and others dont, some children dont talk until later into their development. By 20 months they can understand simple requests like pass your bottle. His developing linguistic process may still be restricted to one word at a time and he hasnt quite established putting 2 words together and he may just point at things when he wants them and his expression may vary between 50-100 words. spoken language development and memory are close linked and memory are closely linked he will soon begin to realise that language will dish him in the field around him, by communicating he will start to learn a few concepts , like tidying up after playing , this helps him take care of his possessions .Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 5There are different theories of how he gets to these stages theories that look at the way children think and learn are extreme ly key as they can be applied to so many situations in everyday life .This also means that when Studying other aspects of child development , such as language behavior management, or aggression you will find that the same terms and theories keep reappearing .Currently learning theories can be grouped into 3 bands The doingsist approach suggests that learning is influenced by rewards, punishments and environmental factors .The term conditioning is often procedured by behaviourists, it means that you learn to act in a certain way beca mapping ancient experiences have taught you to do or not to do something. B.F Skinner is value as being a key figure in developing the behaviourist approach by learning system. Skinner suggested that most worldly concern learn through exploring the environment and then drawing conclusions establish on the consequences of their behaviour. Jean Piaget was a zoologist who became interested in childrens cognitive development as a result of working o n intelligence tests. He noticed that children consistently gave standardised wrong answers to some questions and began to consider why this was. Piaget apply his own children to make detailed observations and gradually developed a opening that has been very influential. His theory of learning is sometimes referred to as inferential approach because he suggested that children constructed or built up their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. He felt that learning was an on-going process with children needing to adapt (hence piagets term adaption).For example a child aged 15 month may come to believe that take out is served in blue beakers , because their experience of having milk is linked with it being served in a blue beaker. If one day they are given juice in the blue beaker instead of milk they will reconsider the theory and thus come to the conclusion that milk and other drinks come in blue beakers. Piaget used specific vocabulary to describe t he process of children learning in this way. Assimilation- the child constructs a theory. (Schema). sense of equilibrium the childsMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 6Experiences seem to fit the dodge (everything reposes). Disequilibrium An experience occurs that casts doubts on the effectiveness of the schema. (Things dont add up anymore). Accommodation the child changes the original schema to fit the forward-looking piece of experience or information he grouped child development into 4 tolerant stages Sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational. Although Piagets work is well known there are 2 other approaches which are in some ways resembling to Piagets, Vygotsky Jerome bruners work was influenced by Piaget but particular by Vygotskys work. Bruners is not a stage theory as such but he suggests that children gradually acquire cognitive skills and he refers to these as modes of thinking. Enactive-0-1 years, iconic 1-7 years, symbolic 7+ year s. Bruner believed that cognitive development can be speeded up if stimulated, he also believed that adults had a very important role in developing childrens cognitive skills by working alongside them and asking questions helping children to vocalise their thoughts.1.3 Summarise the language and communication development of a child aged 16-26 months. oft of an 18 months old toddlers speech is jargon is unrecognisable but with aroused content. A child at 18 months should be able to use 5-20 words most of which will be nouns. Examples allow mamma, dada bath, and nana. At this age when he learns a new word he will repeat it over and over. 20-25 percent of an 18 month olds vocabulary should be intelligible to outsiders they are learning every object has a name. A babys vocabulary includes things like names of food, animals, family members, clothing and toys. 18 months may be able to point at parts of the body when a parent names it. A childs vocabulary explodes between the 18-24 month marks, maybe 2/3 of what he says is intelligible and his vocabulary may contain 150-300 words. He should be able to name lots of objects in his surroundings like, chair, bottle, and instillMichelle howorthNC36694Assignment 1Page 7He should be able to form small sentences like want cup he will be able to understand the words my and mine. There are quite a few theories as to explain how children Learn language. Theories of language development fall into 1 of 2 camps empiricist and nativist. Empiricist believes language is a learned behaviour. Nativists on the other hand believe we are born with some natural language ability. Empirical researchers focus on learning theories to understand how children acquire language skills while nativists look for biological components responsible for the universe rules primal all of the language spoken by people. Lev vygotsky a Russian psychology researcher who began developing his empirical theories of cognitive development after the Russian re volution in the early twentieth century. Children learn by firmness puzzles with the help of other people such as parents or siblings. Language develops a tool for helping them solve problems more effectively. They learn the skill by practicing or modelling language behaviours they hear being used around them.in his theory, language development is closely tied to companionable behaviour putting him in the empiricist camp. B.F Skinner, an American psychologist best known for his work in behaviourism, proposed behaviourism as the basis for language development in a book published in 1957. The core behaviourism is learning through reinforcement. the reinforcement takes different forms ,for example if the parent says to the child can you say mummy? and the child responds accordingly the parent provides positive reinforcement . If the child uses language to make demands such as asking for a biscuit and the demand is granted, the child receives positive reinforcement for using languag e. This approach places mule driver in the empiricist camp of language development. According to empiricist Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist known for studying how knowledge develops in children and adults during the first half of the 20th century, languageMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 8Development is attached to a childs cognitive development. As the child moves through the different stages of cognitive development. For example, during the pre-operational stage children can grasp the existence of things even when cannot see those things, besides they can use language to think about those non- present things. Naom Chomsky , an American linguist and cognitive scientist believes children are born with innate knowledge of the rules governing language. This makes him a nativist, his research during the late 20th century also suggest that the rules are universal among the known human languages. For example Japanese and side seem very different, but both(prenominal) langua ges include verbs and in both languages verbs take an object. The end is where the object of the verb is placed in the sentence. According to Chomsky the intellect the children learn language so quickly is because they already know the rules. Jerome Bruner, a nativist and American cognitive psychologist believed language development comes easier to most children because of a combination of innate biological endowments and social encouragement. Bruners research on the sketch began in the 1960s. Bruners notes that even children who cannot distinguish between their thoughts and things attempt to use language suggesting they are born with an inclination towards communication. The role of encouragement is to provide indispensable support as the child develops linguistically.1.4 summarise the unrestrained development of a child aged between 30 and 50 months.A childs worked up development is hard to monitor because self-concept, gender identity and social term are developing as well. TheMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 9Way they behave is usually a clear indicator of what they are dealing with on an delirious level. At this age lessons are being learnt which will form a childs personality, the childs personality as influences on emotional development. Children who are more adaptable will progress a lot faster than children who are far less adaptable, things like meeting new people and being in new environment will be more daunting for them. During this age childrens emotional needs are shown through their behaviour, understanding their needs and dealing with them as necessary will help the childs emotional health as the child progresses. Also during this time every experience the child encounters helps to develop the childs self-concept, spending time with parents and other children will give the child a sense of who he is by emotional interactions and will start to develop his independence. Parents are the best role models the help the child develop hi s sense of gender identity, as a result of the child studying the parent, emotional characteristics of the parent become a part of the childs gender identity. Frustrations and tantrums in a child this age are very apparent tantrums occur for no apparent reason but are often due to insecurities and not being able to get what they want. By 3 years old this behaviour will have calmed bulge out and he will be beginning to develop interests in feelings towards other people and is starting to feel a lot more tighten in his environment , he can keep his frustrations under control , by the time he reaches 4 he will have developed a definite personality and loves to explore everything new , he has exc stopent for adventures and can show sympathy and concern towards other children his behaviour might start to become erratic , for example he will like things and hate things in the space of a few transactions , he will exaggerate things and become extremely bossy and may begin to start telli ng lies. Theorist erik erikkson proposed that emotional development consisted of 8 crisis and that each crisis consisted of a specific window in a childs case-by-case development for example the crisis for this specific age according to Erickson is initiative versus ungod creesess according to errikkson a child should develop a sense of calculate by being able to do things on his own , such as dressing himself , if a child is not allowed to do this the child may become afraid to try new things and develop a fear of disapproval.1.5 Summarise the social development of a child aged between 40 and 60 months.At this age a child interacts with other children very easily but only usually in a small group or with familiar adults. they are beginning to make massive leaps in socialisation which helps them develop a lot more friends .they dont need as much attention from adults because they understand that attention is there when needed. They will show friendship preferences but mainly base d on play interests. Children will also now be awake(predicate) of their own social backgrounds and strive to be accepted for who they are. They understand the difference in culture and gender and enjoy making friends and love being in the company of others. there confidence is building and they begin to understand the concept of sharing and taking turns and also begin to understand the difference between right and wrong. Lev vygotsky proposed that children thrive through interactions with their surrounding culture is theory is known as the cultural perspective in this theory it states that cognitive development of children is enhanced when they work in their zone of proximal development (zpd). Children need help off adults to support them as they learn new things to reach (zpd). According to vygotskys theory children can do more with the help and guidance of an adult than they can do themselves. In conclusion vygotskys theory of cognitive development states that interactions with other people are essential for level best cognitive development to occur.1.6 Analyse treasure handbasketfuls and discuss importance of child development.Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 12Treasure baskets an idea primitively created by Elinor Goldschmeid. A treasure basket is a shallow unfearing basket containing a selection of everyday items, none of which are pliable. about of the objects are in everyday use by adults and are made of natural materials. The item in the basket vary in weight, surface and texture, colour, taste temperature and sound and all the items are chosen to stimulate one or more of 5 senses. Children explore the treasure basket using their senses to discover what an object is, what it is like and perhaps what it does when shaken or manipulated. Children learn by exploration and experience a treasure basket brings many items deep down reach that a child may not have had the opportunity to handle. A child can feel items with their hands, feet, f ingers and mouth, by having this opportunity a child discovers weight, texture and size. Does it have a smell? preempt you taste it? Wave it does it make a noise? Drop it and what happens? sack up I put it inside another object? Can I join 2 items together? What happens when I bang one item against the other? Elinor Goldschmeid spent time observing children and their parents she looked at how children gain knowledge of the world around them and how parents often give children objects to explore. For example, if when out, a child or baby gets upset, we often give them something to play with that is to hand a makes a noise or can be fiddled with, such as a bunch of keys. When we are busy in the kitchen a child sitting on a floor will often reach for the spoon we have dropped or the pots and pans in the cupboard. These observations led Elinor goldschmeid to the development of the treasure basket as a way of helping children to learn, exploreMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 13A nd have fun. Treasure basket ideas were originally knowing for babies who were sitting but not yet on the move. The basket is a good exploratory resource for babies and children who are not yet on an individual basis mobile babies given safe, Stimulating and supportive opportunities will use their senses to learn about objects they encounter. In doing so they will enter into a world of discovery puzzlement, social encounter and communication. As babies suck, grasp, touch and feel objects they commit behaviours which foster their earliest learning (Goldschmeid E 1989). The reason they dont use plastic in the treasure baskets is that many objects made of plastic are similar in many ways , they are often all smooth, have no smell and no taste. In our manufactured world adults and babies use plastic objects every day and a child gains experience of these objects through handling bottles, cups, toys and rattles. By offering a safe and sound range of objects which are not plastic we i ncrease the opportunities for a child to explore and learn. The items contained in the baskets fall fewer than six headings.Natural objects e.g. pumice stone, a puke and a natural loofahNatural materials e.g. little basket, wooden check brush and a paint brush.Wooden objects e.g. curtain rings, clothes pegs and fruitcake cupsMetal objects e.g. spoons, bunch of keys, and bunch of bells.Leather, rubber, textiles e.g. leather purse, bath plug and chain, bay wreath and lace.Paper/cardboard greaseproof paper, boxes, tubes.More objects that can be put in the basket are objects that rattle, objects that fit inside one another, such as boxes and pegs or graded measuring spoons,Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 14building and demolition articles which fit together and take apart, such a wooden blocks, zipped leather purse, a box with a lid, also objects to follow such as wooden eggs, balls and tubes that roll. When choosing a treasure basket there are plenty of points to consider, such as the safety of the basket, you need to make sure that you choose a basket which is strong and durable, without scraggy edges and the objects should be washable, disposable and replaceable. For example pieces of fabric. Each object should be clean and safe, always check the basket regularly and be watchful of miscellaneous and varnished items, check they are non-toxic and if any doubts do not include them. you may also need to maximise play opportunities you need to station for a variety of textures ,weight and colour and also be wary of including soft toys as their information and interest value can be control . Also needed to be considered is where to place the basket in sexual intercourse to the child. For example would the child find it easier to reach in front or at the side? The child needs to be observed how he interacts with the basket. Do you need to offer more objects for him to explore. How can you make it more interesting? Is there an object the child doesnt like? Children all develop at different rates with regard to exploration be aware(predicate) of the stage the child is at. Treasure basket ideas can also be adapted for children who are not sitting. Items can be put in a be active box or a little room or suspended from a play gym. The little room is an idea developed by Lilli Neilson for children with sensory difficulties. You can make a little room from a cardboard box, place the box down on its side with the child lied just inside the opening, line the sides with textured materials and suspend objects from the ceiling so that they hang down within the childs reach.1. 7 Explain what is meant by holistic developmentMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 15Holistic development is when all areas of development e.g social, emotional, physical and intellectual and communication development, work as a whole to develop the childs overall development. Holistic development sees the child as a whole person thats why its important when you observe a childs development so you can observe it as a whole so you can see what progress is being made (or not being made). A good example of this is to observe a child playing hopscotch as this uses all areas of development combined together. Children must be able to understand to take their turn and must cope with their feelings if they do not win. This is personal, social and emotional development. The child must also be able to understand what is happening and understand the rules of the game and be able to count, this is cognitive development. The child must be able to throw a stone, have peculiarity in their legs to support their weight and also be able to balance and have sufficient coordination, this is physical development and finally the child needs to be able to say numbers out loud, arrange turns and be able to chat whilst waiting for their turn, this is communication and language development. If a child lacks in one of these areas of development he may struggle to pl ay hopscotch, so observing the child as a whole can help practitioners or parents give the child support in the areas he lacks ability.

Relationship Between Numeracy and Music Curriculum

Relationship between Numeracy and medication political platform1.1 triggerNumeracy and medicinal drug suffer been colligate unneurotic as far back to medieval times. This link goes back as far the Quadrivium possibly even further. The quadrivium were a set of subjects or subject beas (which were grounded on the trivium of grammar, dialect and rhetoric) that were c everywhereed daily. The quadrivium involved four subject argonas including Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music. Music was studied in connection with arithmetic and in turn became a mathematical discipline (Wang, 2014). The current focus of numeracy potbelly be viewed done the workings of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and their program for International learner Assessment (PISA) which is carried out whole(prenominal) 3 long time (OECD, n.d.). Irelands results in 2009 had dropped on a lower floor the OECD average which led the Irish Government with the task of creating a stark naked strategy to serve up enhance numeracy skills. The Literacy and numeracy for reading and demeanor (2011) was created to help t all(prenominal)y better literacy and numeracy standards among children and young people in the tuition system (De objet dartment of raising and Skills, 2011). Currently, Ireland ranks thirteenth of 35 OECD countries, 9th in the EU and 18th out of all told told countries that took part in the assessment.This thesis brings forward valuable insights into the area of numeracy with a bad-tempered focus on the promotion of numeracy in the medicinal drug curriculum. The looker precious to examine numeracy strategies/ideas that could be promoted and create in the schoolroom. The key questions that were considered before this look into was undertaken were 1) What is numeracy and how is it related to Music? 2) Is numeracy important in the music classroom? and 3 how can numeracy strategies be burgeon forthed in the music classroom?1.2 Cha pter layoutThe root part has introduced the reader to the enquiry area and why this interrogation topic was undertaken.Chapter 2 bequeath look at the literature usaged in this explore virtually numeracy and music in Ireland. It allow look literature from and Irish context as easily as other countries.Chapter 3 will focus on the orderologies employed by the research worker. It will lineation the approach the police detective took in order to gather data and what the restrictions were in completing it.Chapter 4 will look at the findings of the research and will evaluate what was made of those findings. It will focus on discussing what happened and if boththing changed. Exploring three-figure abridgment in calculating results of the research topic.Chapter 5 will be a discussion around what was happened. It will look for research as to what happened and why it happened. It will look at whether or non the test were certain and have they are valid.Chapter 6 will concl ude whatsoever arguments that the tec has brought up. It will conclude the research by set offing the possibility of any future research around the area.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this research topic is to explore numeracy in music education and consider the implementation of a numeracy strategy that can improve numeracy abilities in the post-primary curriculum. The goal is to look at whether or non numeracy is being developed through and through these strategies or naturally in the students teaching.The get of this particle is to explore the most current literature around numeracy strategies and the implementation of said strategies into the post-primary curriculum. expression at research from an Irish context is key scarce this region will also look at other countries and the numeracy strategies that they have implemented. This section begins by aspect at the various definitions of numeracy that are social functiond around in contrasting education systems. It will then focus on the literature around music and numeracy and how the two are linked.2.2 NumeracyWhat is numeracy? in that location are galore(postnominal) definitions as to what numeracy is and what it relates to. O Donoghue (2002, p.48) notes aspects of numeracy as Basic computational arithmetic, internal mathematics, social mathematics, survival skills for every solar day life, quantitative literacy, mathematical literacy and an aspect of mathematical power. The Programme for International student Assessment (PISA) (2009,p 14) define numeracy as An individuals force to identify and generalise the role that mathematics plays in the world, to make well-founded judgements and to use and move with mathematics in musical modes that meet the inescapably of that individuals life as a constructive, concerned and reflective citizen. The surgical incision of didactics and Skills introduced The Literacy and Numeracy Strategy for Learning and Life (2011) a nd define numeracy as the top executive to use mathematics to solve problems and meet the demands of day-to-day living These definitions are blameless in nature and for the purpose of this news report, the research worker will focus on the holistic approach of using mathematics to solve problems and meet the demands of day to day living. This is the definition the detective deems accurate for the need of this research question. in that location are key skills that are outlined by the discipline Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) (2015) that aim to promote student wellbeing. The approach mentioned previously encompasses all of the key skills associated with the junior wheel around. It has a close link with the skills of being numerate, staying well, managing training and thinking and communicating. By stating this, the researcher is not excluding the possibility that numeracy does not pamper between all of the key skills.On a deeper level, numeracy incorporates ternary different types of knowledge. Beginning with numerical Knowledge (Foundation of numeracy) leading to Contextual Knowledge (The ability to apply the foundation skills) and finally to Strategic Knowledge (the flexibility to use the previous knowledge to solve strategic problems.2.3 PISA AssessmentPISA or The Programme for International Student Assessment is an assessment conducted every 3 classs with students from 65 different countries at the age of 15. The assessments focus on students progression in the areas of Reading, Science and Mathematical Literacy. It takes a different focus every course with the process repeating itself every 3 years. In 2003 and 2012, Mathematical literacy was the primary focus of assessment. In the figure below, it is clear to call in how well Ireland has done over the years. Cosgrove et al. (2013) however found that although it is positive that Irelands performance has not decreased between 2003 and 2012, it must be noted that thither has be en a decline by other OECD countries which could have resulted to Irelands placement in 2009.In recent years, the Irish Government has many a(prenominal) strategies and frameworks to help deal with the under-performance of students. The National Strategy to improve Literacy and Numeracy among Children and Young People 2011-2020 (2011) emphasises that all students should leave naturalize numerate and focuses on the fact that literacy and numeracy are among the most important life skills that our schools teach. No child should leave school without having mastered these skills to the best of their abilities. The master(prenominal) research areas of this document focus on Enabling parents and communities to support childrens literacy and numeracy development, change teachers and ECCE practitioners professional practice, Building the capacity of school leadership, modify the curriculum and instruction experience, Helping students with additional learning needs to achieve their pote ntial and Improving assessment and evaluation to support better learning in literacy and numeracy (Department of information and Skills, 2011, p. 3). The strategy outlines clear objectives regarding what needs to be accomplished and outlines a timeline for plans to be made in order for these objectives to succeed. However the can be some issues with this strategy. It recommends that teachers partake in CPD for 20 hours over a 5 year period and resources have been aimed at DEIS schools which can be seen with the Junior Cert train Programme (JCSP).2.4 International AdvancesLooking at this from an international view, the United Nations educational and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, 2012) understand that even when a student finishes their education, they even so lack the required knowledge and skills that are associated with mathematics. Conway and Sloane (2005, p.15) determine two important concerns in international trends in mathematics education, poor levels of understanding and performance gaps and the need for 21st century skills. These are respectively called the push and break factors.Zawojewski and McCarthy (2007) have commented on the ramifications of introducing a strategy that would see students actively engage with rich everyday applications of their mathematics.Other Relevant literatureThis research paper will aim to focus on the importance of numeracy in the classroom and how a music teacher can improve the numeracy ability of the students in class. As this research focuses on different strategies, the researcher focused on numeracy strategies that have been created and implemented in different countries. This in itself provided the researcher with a big sense of where they wanted to go and how they were to go nearly it. angiotensin converting enzyme of the first documents that was researched was the Literacy and Numeracy for Learning and Life (2011) which was document that was published by the Department of Education and Skills in direct res ponse to the PISA results. This document highlights a hand out of really fair points regarding the development of literacy and numeracy in the education of students, but it is far more biased towards the literacy than the numeracy. Surprisingly enough, every time the word numeracy was searched tho before it was the term literacy. Yes they are a combining factor but they represent two very different themes in the world of growing the educational needs and skills of each student. Getting the students to realise the connections between music and numeracy will help them to engage with what they are learning. In conjunction with the literacy and numeracy strategy, this research paper will draw from different methodologies and perspectives of music teachers and education specialists. diverse Methodologies in the Study of Music Teaching and Learning (2008)covers a broad range of research subjects that researcher drew ideas from. A large human pull through of the chapters present in t his book are based on skilful based research in the classroom. As the research is focused on students in first year one article in which the researcher drew valuable insights from was First-Year Teachers and Methods Classes Is there a connection? By Margaret Schmidt. This study examined the ways that three first year string teachers utilise a song-teaching method emphasized in their junior-year. (Schmidt, 2008, p. 67) Schmidt focuses on the students developments but focuses on the teachers and how they need to be continually developing as teachers.Growing from these ideas dark-brown explored Actualising Potential in the Classroom Moving from Practicing to be Numerate Towards move in the Literature Practice of Mathematics and stated all students should have access to mathematical knowledge ( brownish, 2011). He writes somewhat transforming numeracy into literacy through savoury in mathematical practice. One way that this could be addressed is through practical performance. Stud ents could be introduced to a numerical concept and that a melodic performance activity could be introduced to structure the concept and could also help to refocus or clear up any misconceptions that the learners may have. Brown writes about mathematical literacy in a social context and getting the students to associate mathematical language with everyday concepts. This refers back to the literacy and numeracy strategy where the aim is to improve students numeracy abilities through linking it to outside experiences.Mathematics and Music by David Wright explores all the variations of number sequences, logarithms, music intervals, overcomes, octave identification, timbre and even tuning all of which can be replicated in the classroom. This book will form a basis in this research on how to promote numeracy in the classroom and how numeracy can be developed. According to Wright Mathematics attempts to understand conceptual and analytical truthMusic evokes mood and emotion by the au dio medium of tones and rhythmsTherefore it is not surprising that the symbiosis of the two disciplines is an age old story. (Wright, 2009, p. v)Numeracy is not mentioned in the curriculum which is a sign that the curriculum itself needs to be updated. David Elliott writes that there are numerous concepts of what curriculum is and what it means and even states that is has monopolized the thinking if scholars and teachers. (Elliott Silverman, 2015, p. 394) He mentions Ralph Tyler who proposes that curriculum makers should follow a four step process. (ANDREW WHAT ARE THE quaternary STEPS) This process could help with the integration of numeracy into the curriculum just like literacy is already included. This is why Re-setting Music Educations Default Settings would come into effect. Written by doubting Thomas Regelski in 2013 explores how it needs to be rethought and complemented and enhanced for the learner in that it does not hinder their learning in any way.2.4 OverviewThis liter ature review has shown that there has been research and documentation around the area of numeracy. Numeracy is an area that has many connect to cross-curricular subjects and developing numeracy skills among all young people is fundamental to the life chances of each individual and essential to the quality and equity of Irish society (Department of Education and Skills, 2011). This research paper focuses on clarifying what numeracy is and its importance. It will also aim to promote numeracy in a music class that will develop and promote learning in a positive and constructive way. There are assessments available to test numeracy but none detail to music and numeracy since this research has been conducted. So this research paper will be direction on aspect at how to develop numeracy that is related to music and that it is linked to both the curriculum and the learning of each student. It can also be used as an aid for teachers to see how they themselves can incorporate numeracy int o their classroom and tailor it for each students ability. One aspect that will have to be looked into in further detail is that of questioning and how are the students numeracy skills being tested.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 IntroductionIn the previous chapter, the researcher focused on literature and research addressing the areas of numeracy and music. The aim of this chapter is to explain how this study was designed and the specific reasons towards choosing the quantitative method. This thesis is based on action research. This chapter will highlight the ethical considerations of the research and. This chapter will firstly begin by outlining the research paradigm explain how data was collected.3.2 Research aims and objectivesThe aim of this strategy is to see if numeracy can be developed in a music classroom with the aid of a guide. This strategy is a development from the results that Ireland has received in the PISA scores over the previous years. As mentioned in the introduction, there were three questions that helped to create this research and from those questions the research was looking at gathering quantitative data, using a pre and post-test with two different classes. This will allow the researcher to appraise the increase, if any, in the students numerical abilities.3.3 Action ResearchAction research cited in Hine (2013) is a process of systematic question that seeks to improve social issues affecting the lives of everyday people however on a more direct note to where it is situated in the classroom, Stringer (2014) describes it as a distinctive approach to inquiry that is directly relevant to classroom instruction and learning and provides the means for teachers to enhance their teaching and improve students learning both(prenominal) of these representations of action research have helped to prove the researcher with enough information to understand the concept.When following an action research plan there are a few ways that it could be undertake n. For the focus of this research the researcher will outline the method of Kurt Lewin and its importance. Cohen et al. (2011) name Lewin as the originator of the action research process in breaking it blue into four different sections Planning, Acting, detect and Reflecting. (INSERT DIAGRAM)From this model there have been numerous changes made. Kemmis and McTaggart (2005) action research cycle is similar in that it has a plan, act, observe and reflect, but this reflection is allowing the researcher to change the plan and begin the cycle again.3.4 Quantitative ResearchThe research methodology employed uses quantitative analysis. Creswell (2002) describes quantitative analysis as strategies of inquirythat invoked the postpositivist perspectives. These strategies are in the forms of experiments of surveys. postpositivist perspectives are considered to be that of a scientific method and it refers challenging the traditional notion of the absolute truth of knowledge and that the claim s we make cannot be positive when studying the performance and abilities of humans (Creswell, 2002). Punch (2009) mentions quantitative research employing three different ideasConceptualizes reality in terms of variablesMeasures these variablesStudies blood between these variablesUsing these themes the researcher will follow how to correlate in effect the results gathered.3.5 Instruments3.5.1 Pre-post testThe researcher employed different instruments to help bring about the findings of the study. To validate the students numeracy skills the researcher had to firstly find out where the students were regards to their learning. The researcher created a specific pre-test to assess their numeracy knowledge. The researcher focused on the concepts of the first year music curriculum and transferred any correlations with numeracy to an assessment form. (appendix) The researcher wanted to spare the focus on numeracy and assess what they students were able to do regarding rhythm.3.6 Validity and dependablenessDuring this research, the researcher gathered quantitative data to get the best way of measuring students results regarding numeracy. The researcher believes that the findings have depth and provide detail as to confirming the research outcomes. Validity is an indication of how sound your research is, with looking at both design and method (BYU Department of Linguistics, 1997) of the research area. When looking at quantitative data one must be careful. wintertime (2000) says that it is difficult to get 100% and that a certain degree of faulting is to be anticipated. Reliability is about the precision and accuracy of the research over a period of time. Having the pre and post-tests very close to each other can alter the reliability. Due to the 6 week period between pre and post-tests, the researcher believes the results to be reliable. It took 3 weeks getting consent forms back from the students which cut down the time between pre and post-test tests..3.7 Ethica l considerationsHammersley and Traianou (2012, pp.2-3) outline the subsequent themes as the chief(prenominal) ethical issues that need to be addressedMinimising HarmRespecting Autonomy defend PrivacyOffering ReciprocityTreating People Equitably.As this research is aimed towards the learning and development of students numeracy, the research had to get ethical approval as it would be focusing on those who would be unable to give consent. The researcher received ethical approval from FAHSS Research Ethics Committee from the University of Limerick in June 2016. The researcher proceeded to provide information sheet to the principal (appendix) and co-operating teacher. (appendix) Then the researcher provided the alike(p) information to each of the participants and their parents/ guardians. (appendix) Provided on the information sheet were details about how the research would have been conducted. It outlined that they could withdraw from the study at any time and that anonymity would be used.3.8 School profile and study sampleThe school where this research was conducted is a large town in Munster. It is a co-educational school and both classes are made up of mixture of males and females. Both first year classes are students between the ages of 12 and 13. In this school, all students do music in first year regardless of fore deviation experience or musical knowledge. Then when its time for them to move onto second year, the students are given the option to do music if they would like. Before implementing the antecedent test, the research introduced some rhythms to both groups to get the students interacting and to get an understanding of what they were going to learn.Before the intervention, the researcher made sure that both classes were relatively on the same level before giving out the pre-tests.QUESTIONS ASSESSING STUDENTS NUMERACYWhat is a claw added to another rarity?What is the interval between middle C and Eb?How many notes are there in a 1 octave scal e?How many crotchet/ tremble/ minim/ semibreve beats are there in this phrase?How many beats are there in a semibreve?What is a crotchets added to a crotchet added to a quaver?What is the difference between 3 quavers and 2 crotchets?How many crotchet beats are the in 5/4?How many quaver beats are there in 13/8?How many minim beats are there in 3/2?(A musical phrase can be found on the beside page) etymon Mozarts Piano Sonata in F, K. 332, first movement. (https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_(music)/media/FileMozart_-_Piano_Sonata_in_F,_K._332,_first_movement_phrase_group.png)Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-music-and-math-14/Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-music-and-math-14/Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-easter-note-value-4/

Crisis Communications Toyota UK’s sticky accelerator pedal

Crisis communicating guess Toyota UKs sticky gun rollToyota UKs sticky throttle valve pedal cogitate of January 2010 was considered by journalists as a disaster for its reputation with UK clients (Booth and Teather, 2010 and Hutton, 2010). tho average trinity weeks after the crisis broke comments left wing by guests on the comp boths UK website revealed that they did non sh be this opinion. This essay provide verifyk to understand these chemical reactions, inform them and extract focuss Toyotas own crisis communication efforts whitethorn aim helped and hindered them. afterward establishing the Toyota discard as a crisis, the essay will undertake a field abbreviation of client comments to the companys UK website. The Situational Crisis Communications Theory (SCCT) of Coombs and Holladay (1996, 2001 and 2002) will wherefore be applied to the results to cash in ones chips to explain these rejoinders. The essay will wherefore move on to assess how Toyotas ow n crisis communication efforts, as read by a content analysis of company program lines uploaded to Toyotas UK website, followed the tenets set place by SCCT. The aim will be to demonstrate how Toyotas crisis retort strategies could leave minusly and domineeringly influenced these customer reactions. The essay will because give over by suggesting foster research needs to be done to prove any direct causal congenericship amongst Toyotas crisis communication strategies and the resulting customer reactions.Before beginning this analysis it is important we give the essay a ardent buildation by establishing that the Toyota accelerator rec solely was in concomitant a crisis and whence warrants the application of crisis communications theory. Underpinning this process is the definition of a crisis as a an type or a perception of an event that threatens or violates important value expectancies of stakeholders and where stakeholders reactions can seriously impact the organiz ations exploit and generate shun awaycomes (Coombs, 1999, quoted in Tomasz and others, 2010, p. 637). Within this definition is the concept of stakeholders, which is construe as any group or individual who can fright or is affected by the achievement of the boldnesss objectives (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). In the case of Toyota this could embarrass the customers who buy the cars the staff, who make them and the apportionholders, who finance the company.According to Tomazs and others (2010) the expectations mentioned in this definition preceding(prenominal) centre on what they perceive to be an agreement or portend by the organisation. These ar formed from exposure to learning about the organisation, promulgated by the organisation itself and the media societal norms and interpersonal interactions with the company and other parties. Tomasz and others (2010) go on to explain that an episode that threatens or violates these expectations can be considered a crisis. The result of which can make stakeholders limiting their attitudes towards the organisation and/or change their behaviours, thus negatively change profitability and stockholder value.How well a company is meeting expectations can be described as reputation (Coombs, 2004a). So, it is important that, before applying this theory to the sticky accelerator pedal regain, we retard Toyotas reputation. From Toyotas own corporate material (Toyota, 2010a and Toyota, 2010b) and media articles (The Telegraph, 2010) about the car marque, the injury promises be clear. By buying a Toyota customers are promised safety, reliability and quality.By applying the theory above to the accelerator disown, it is reasonable to suggest that if the sticky accelerator dishonor occurred, a car could become unpredictable thus making the fomite unreliable and unsafe to drive, and threatening two key customers expectations As a consequence, because these issues had never occurred before, customers could begin to feel like the quality associated with the marque had diminished, thus potentially violating the third brand pillar.With Tomasz and others (2010) placing a direct link between the threat or violation of expectations and negative stakeholder behaviour, it is as well reasonable to suggest that the recall episode could have some damaging consequences for Toyota and its business goals, including a potential drop in car sales as customers stopping purchasing the marque, which would then lead to a drop in the companys share price. This in that respectfore shows that the sticky accelerator pedal recall defiantly fits into definition of a crisis, as outlined above.What was at stake was Toyotas relationship with its customers. That is wherefore this essay will focus on vistaing at the crisis from their heighten of view, in particular its UK customers. In the side by side(p) part of the essay I will seek to start to understand how customers reacted to this crisis by analysing messages this st akeholder group left on Toyotas UK website. The aim of this examination is to start to build a line drawing of what damage was done to the relationship between Toyota and its customers due to the crisis episode. This analysis is firmly influenced by the work of Tomasz and others (2010) and as a result breaks the possible price into two categories negative changes in customer attitudes to the organisation and negative changes to customer behaviours. With these categories in mind 400 posts were analysed that had been left on Toyotas UK website in reaction the companys pleas for Your Experiences of the Recall (Toyota, 2010c).Toyota uploaded this appeal to their blog two weeks after the countrywide particularize of affected models began, therefore giving an indication of the final sights of customers. Firstly, these posts were coded as positive, negative or neutral in their attitude towards Toyota. Each post was then broken down further and coded for evidence that the customers per ceived Toyota to be trusty for the crisis, that their opinion of the car marquee had been damaged and that the crisis had affected their purchase intentions. write up was examined by looking for evidence of the three stakeholder expectations, as established above.These results showed that precisely 16% of customers in this sample had a negative attitude towards Toyota and hardly 1.3 % blamed the car marque for what had happened (Purnell, 2010). As for the three pillars of Toyotas reputation, just 2.6% of the customers sampled thought Toyotas were now unsafe, 1.9 % considered them unreliable and 1.3 % thought quality had dropped (Purnell, 2010). However, most interestingly just 2.7 % said the crisis had put them off buying a Toyota (Purnell, 2010). It is therefore lovely to say that overall the posts were positive, with comments including not a major problem not changed my loyalty will keep buying Toyotas and 11 out of 10 for Toyota acknowledging the problem and actually doing something about it. With percentages high in the not mentioned categories it is also interesting to stop for a moment and look at the topics that customers were bear on about. Many customers were concerned and confused about how they were affected by the way the recall had been handled.In the next section of the essay I will apply the tenets of SCCT as developed by Coombs and Holladay (1996, 2001 and 2002) to the sticky accelerator crisis in a bid to shed light on why customers may have reacted in the ways established above. The reason SCCT was chosen was because the message proposition of the theory is that during crisis maculations organisations need to protect their reputations. The way they can do this is by developing crisis responses based on the specific circumstances of a particular situation. Successfully implementing such tailored responses will have a positive effect on stakeholder perceptions. The match between the situation and the response dodging is based on at tri only ifion of responsibility and different responses strategies implicate different degrees of responsibility (Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002).SCCT ( Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002) suggests that a match between the Toyota crisis and the suggested crisis response dodge can be identified using a two dance step process, which involves determining the frame stakeholders use to categorise the crisis and then establishing if any step up factors are present. SCCT (Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002) offers three frames, victim, accidental and intentional. The categories present increasing take aims of attri unlessions of responsibility and therefore threat posed by the crisis. Using this model in relation to the Toyota recall, reveals that the episode fits into the accidental crisis category which has a low attribution of crisis responsibility. This is because the situation was caused by the failure of a mechanism in certain models of their cars that coul d not be detected by normal inspection and could therefore be considered technical error harvest harm, one the subsets of the accidental crisis category.With this base level of threat established the next step is to look at whether any step up factors were present during Toyotas sticky accelerator pedal recall. SCCT identifies two intensifying factors, a crisis history and prior reputation (Coombs, 2004b). In SCCT if an organisation had a similar crisis in the past or is suffering from a curt reputation with stakeholders, the current crisis will be a much greater reputational threat because it will establish a pattern of behaviour by an organisation (Coombs and Holladay, 2004). In Toyotas case one of the two intensifying factors is present. The company, disdain having a strong reputation with customers, had been having problems with product recalls since 12 months before the accelerator pedal problem. In January 2009, Toyota issued a global recall of 1.3million cars, including some in Britain, because of seatbelt and exhaust problems. The companys woes in this department were also exacerbated by the fact that two weeks into the sticky accelerator pedal crisis, the company issued another global recall for its Prius model because of suspected brake problems.SCCT (Coombs, 2007b) then combines these factors to evaluate the reputational threat presented by the crisis. Therefore Toyotas accelerator pedal recall rates as an accidental crisis, with minimum attributions of crisis responsibility but because of the intensifying factor it has the potential to lay down greater reputation damage than would normally be for this category. This means that although customers see the event as largely out of the control of Toyota and unintentional, there is an increase chance that it will damage the companys reputation with customers The application of SCCT to the Toyota recall supports the results of the content analysis above and goes a long way to explain by customers reacted this way. A much stronger attribution of crisis responsibility and therefore threat would have been levelled at Toyota, if customers considered the product recall has been intentional, perhaps a human error crisis caused by someone not doing their job properly(Coombs, 2007a Coombs and Holladay, 2002).Although the SCCT model (Coombs, 2007a Coombs and Holladay, 2002) starts to explain the customers reactions represented above, especially as to why they did not blame Toyota, what we cant pass on is that SCCT to the predicts that the episode has the potential to create serious damage to Toyotas reputation with its customers in the posts analysed. It is reasonable then to expect to see a significantly larger proportion of negative feedback from this audience group. However, this is not evidenced, which suggested that Toyotas own crisis communications efforts may have helped to minimise the impact the crisis had on the companys relations with its customer base. The next sectio n of the essay will analyse how well Toyotas own crisis communication efforts met the tenets of SCCT (Coombs, 2007a Coombs and Holladay, 2002). By analysing statements made by the company on its UK website between January 28 2010- when the crisis began and February 10 when the company began fixing the affected vehicles.On January 28 Toyota UK issued its prototypal public statement explaining that the accelerator pedal problem currently affecting the US could now affect the UK and Europe (Toyota, 2010d). It focussed on explaining to drivers what signs to look out for and what Toyota was doing to rectify the situation. This is the type of message that SCCT would consider to be instructing randomness, i.e. information that would help affected people cope physically with the crisis. Instructing and adjusting information are the two types of information that SCCT suggests begin and are part of e genuinely crisis response strategy (Coombs, 2010).So it was entirely appropriate that Toyo ta began its crisis communication efforts in this way. precisely it is equally important that this hard work was sustained Organisations must protect their stakeholders to protect themselves (Coombs, 2010, p. 29). However, Toyota did not do this. Once the first statement was issued Toyota waited three days before issuing any further statement (Toyota, 2010 e) on their website or elsewhere, leaving customers with no instructing information during this period.To make matters worse there was also a complete deficiency of adjusting information. Adjusting information are expressions of forbearance and the efforts the company is making to retard a repeat of the crisis (Coombs, 2010) Such information makes victims feel better about the crisis and hold less animosity toward the organisation (Cohen, 2002). Yet until day five of the crisis, February 1(Toyota, 2010e), Toyota had not expressed any sympathy towards those affected and had not announced what steps the company was making to pr event a reoccurrence.This evidence shows that during the initial stages of their crisis response Toyota broke both of the radical tenets set out by SCCT, which Coombs ( 2010) would suggest meant that the company failed in dowry customers deal practically or psychologically with the crisis.Although this was not a strong start Toyotas efforts from February 1(Toyota, 2010e) were significantly better. They regularly updated their website with instructing information, including confirming what vehicles were affected, that a fix had been found and how the fix process would work (Toyota, 2010f, Toyota, 2010g, Toyota, 2010h, Toyota, 2010i, Toyota, 2010j, Toyota,2010k, Toyota, 2010l and Toyota, 2010m). This instructing information was also supported by a steady flow of adjusting information, including comments by President and CEO of Toyota repel Europe, Tadashi Arashima, on February 1( Toyota, 2010e), which expressed regret that it( the crisis) was causing concern and a statement by the world-wide President of Toyota, Akio Toyoda, on February 5( Toyota, 2010i), which indicated that the company deeply regretted the inconvenience and concern caused to our customers(by the crisis) and confirmed that he would lead a special quality delegate force to address the problems.This demonstrates a strong use of both instructing and adjusting strategies, but Toyotas crisis response efforts did not stop there. The companys January 28 release also shows the start of a third strategy (Toyota, 2010d). Toyota explains that the accelerator problem only occurs in rare instances which this author interprets as the beginning of what SCCT theorists would consider a lessen strategy. This strategy continues in subsequent posts and is Toyotas bid to minimise the seriousness of the crisis. This strategy continued throughout the crisis, as evidenced by statements such as Toyota is not aware of any accidents resulting from this condition in Europe (Toyota, 2010e) and that the recall is merel y a precautionary measure to guarantee the highest quality standards to all customers (Toyota, 2010e). These efforts are in line with the SCCT tenets for crises which attract minimal responsibility but have an intensifying factor. The use of such strategies significantly strengthened Toyotas efforts and these are further bolstered by correct application of reinforcing strategies alongside these primary strategies, as suggested by SCCT (Coombs, 2006). These are demonstrated through the use of comments such as those made by MD of Toyota GB, Miguel Fonseca, on February 4 (Toyota, 2010g), which state that customer safety has been and will remain our top priority. These seek to add positive information about the organisation and remind people of its past trustworthy works.In summary then, it is reasonable to say that, despite a infirm start, Toyotas crisis responses efforts did follow the tenets set out by SCCT (Coombs, 2010) and should therefore have worked to minimise the possible da mage the recall had on the companys reputation, by positively influencing customer opinions. It is interesting at this point to return to the findings of the content analysis of customers reactions ( Purnell, 2010), which showed that minimal damage had been done to Toyotas relationship with important stakeholder group and where there was negative feelings towards to company, these reflected the areas of weakness subsequently found in Toyotas crisis response strategies. An example of this is that the lack of information and detail about the product recall and how the fix would be handled that occurred in the first few days of the crisis. The company then compensable for this weakness, with many of the negative customer comments expressing confusion and worry about how the recall affected them and frustration about how the process was being handled. These findings are very useful because they strongly point to the fact that the weaknesses in instructing and adjusting information at t he start of Toyotas response strategy did have an ultimate affect on customer perceptions. With this in mind, it is also reasonable to suggest that where Toyotas efforts correctly followed the tenets of SCCT (Coombs 2010), these may have had a positive effect on customer impressions of the organisation. But, although this analysis strongly suggests such a direct relationship, it far from proves one. It is therefore suggested that further research is needed to substantiate such claims and prove that Toyotas strategies actually influenced the resulting customer reactions and therefore definitely diminished the impact of the crisis episode had on the company.In conclusion, this essay would like to propose that, despite media warnings to the contrary ((Booth and Teather, 2010 and Hutton, 2010), the sticky accelerator recall of 2010 was not a disaster for Toyotas reputation with UK customers. Critical to discernment why this occurred is the recognition that despite threatening to violat e customer expectations, the product recall did not actually do so. Insight into why this did not occur can be found by applying SCCT (Coombs, 2007a Coombs and Holladay, 2002) to the episode. This predicted that Toyota customers would attribute minimal responsibility to Toyota because the episode was caused by a technical fault something that goes a long was to explain why so few customers blamed Toyota for the episode. But, nevertheless, SCCT (Coombs, 2007a Coombs and Holladay, 2002) points out that the recall still remained a substantial threat, because of Toyotas crisis history. This essay proposes that this threat was successfully minimised by Toyotas own crisis communication response. Despite weaknesses in the provision of instructing and adjusting information, the brand successfully followed the tenets of SCCT (Coombs, 2010) and used diminishing and reinforcing strategies to minimise the negative effect the recall had on customer perceptions. However, despite customer reaction s appearing to mirror the strengths and weaknesses of Toyotas strategy, how they influenced them the Great Compromiser unconfirmed. It is therefore suggested that further research in undertaken to try to prove a direct causal relationship between Toyotas strategies and the resulting customer responses.

Relationship between Parental Rejection and Loneliness

Relationship between Parental Rejection and LvirtuosolinessTazrin Akkas Zinia triggerIn the literature there are many different dimensions such as credenza, affection control, quickth permissiveness, restrictiveness, and demandingness about the child rearing attitudes or enatic mien. Children every last(predicate) everywhere the world need a specialized form of autocratic response ( bridal) from parents and others attachment figures. When this need is not met satisfactorily, children all over regardless of variations in culture gender, age or, other such formation conditions tend to report different types of behavior and attitudes.Humans dupe over the course of evaluation, developed the biologically based aroused need for positive response from parents and other attachment figures. This need embroils an emotional wish desire, or yearning (whether consciously recognized or not) for comfort, support care, concern, nurturance and over all positive regard from people with w hom they have affection bonds of attachment. For this reason, maternal adoption-rejection is an big part of childrens lives at different stages of their development.Parents may be warm and loving or hostile and rejecting. Each pattern of parental behavior effects the personality development of children. According to interpersonal theory stipulation by Sullivan (1953) the self system that is a persons erudition of self, is a significant component of personality, which develops through interaction with significant figures in the environment. In later life people respond according to this self system, whether people see the self as good or drear depends on their past perceptions.Rohner gave his famous Parental acceptation-rejection theory, widely known as a theory of socialization which attempts to explain and predict the antecedents, cor analogys and consequences of parental toleration and rejection throughout the globe. It focuses on four major issues, one of them is the be havioral, cognitive and emotional development of children and self-aggrandizing personality functioning. Every person has experienced the intensity and affection provided by someone important to him/her, who is called the parent not necessarily, return and father.This warmth and affection is a range from a great the great unwashed to none, where one end is named parental word meaning while the other one is termed rejection (Rohner, 2000a).According to the findings of a try conducted over worldwide love sample and the Statesn sample, parental hostility was significantly related to to certain personality dispositions including hostility, forbid self esteem and self adequacy, emotional instability, negative world depend and dependency (Rohner).Parenting means providing care, support and love in a focal point that leads to a child includes beingness responsible for the child physicals need. It means creating a nurturing environment of attention, encouragement thus parenting i nvolvement. It besides means providing guidance for the children. It withal means providing guidance for the children. Thus parenting involves meeting the Childs physical, psychic, emotional and social needs. two parental acceptance and rejection consist the warmth dimensions of parenting. According to PART theory, parental acceptance refers to the warmth, affection, care, comfort, concern, nurturance, support, or simply love that parents and others can feel and carry toward their children, and others. Acceptance has two principle behavioral expressions physical and verbal.Physical expressions of acceptance include hugging, fondling, caressing, approving glances, kissing, smiling, and other such indications of endearment, approval, or support.Expressions of verbal acceptance include praising, complimenting, saying nice things to or about the child or other person, perhaps singing songs or telling stories to a junior child, and the like. A feelings and behaviors and by the prese nce of a variety of physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors and affects.The most broadly accepted definition of loneliness is the trauma that results from discrepancies between ideal and perceived social relationships. This so-called cognitive division perspective makes it clear that loneliness is not synonymous with being alone, nor does being with others guarantee protection from feelings of loneliness. Loneliness is the distressing feeling that occurs when ones social relationships are perceived as being less delightful than what is desired. This entry describes how loneliness is conceived and prised How loneliness is mentally represented how loneliness influences thoughts, feelings, and Behaviors and consequences of loneliness for health and wholesomebeing.Loneliness is related to a number of personal characteristics including low self esteem, shyness, feelings of alienation, external locus of control and belief that the news show is not a just place that are asso ciated with slack .( Jones, Freeman, in press).The term clinical depression in the learning refers to the central features of depressive to disorders, such as, deject, mood, demoralised ,thinking ,lack of enjoyment ,reduced energy and slowness. Of these, depressed mood is usually, but not constantly the most prominent symptom. (Gelder, Gath, Mayo and Cowen, 1996) some exploreers showed that depression might have different manifestation in different cultures, for example, in an Indian fill it was found that depression had varied manifestations like depressed mood, anxiety, somatic, features, insomnia, obsessions etc.(Puri etal, 1995).Literature reassessmentStogdill (1937) said that, The empirical study of parental acceptance-rejection has a history press release back to the 1890s. It was not until the 1930s, however, that a more-or-less continuous body of empirical research began to appear dealing with the effects of parental acceptance-rejection.Among, different programs of research on acceptance rejection, the work of Rohner and colleagues are most passing developed. Almost cd studies have been completed in more than 60 nations inter topicly, as well as in every major ethnic group of America (Rohner, 2004a).Khaleque and Rohner, (2002a) experiment A meta psychoanalysis showed that, approximately 26% of the variability in childrens psychological alteration and 21% of that is adults is accounted for by(parental as well as maternal) acceptance rejection.Roher, Uddin, Shamsunnaher Khaleque (2008) showed that, Among Japanese adults, remembered parental acceptance made an independent and significant region to mens adjustment whereas only remembered maternal acceptance made an independent and significant contribution to mens adjustment .Chyung Lee, 2008 Parmer Rohner, 2005 Rohner Khaleque, 2008, found several research findings and indicate that remembrance of fathers (but not mothers) acceptance in childhood are uniquely associated with variations i n the psychological adjustment of adult peopleVaran Rohner Eryuksel, (2005) conducted A study which is supports conclusions, from the preceding research, and thus suggests the theory of a universal relation between individuals mental health status and their perceptions of acceptance rejection by parents and intimate adult partners .In addition to issues of psychological adjustment, evidence also powerfully implicates at least(prenominal) three other mental health issues of parental acceptance rejection .these issues are(1)depression and depressed affect,(2)behavior problems including conduct disorders, externalizing behaviors, and delinquency, (3) substance (drug and alcohol) abuse (rohner britner,2002).Rohner Veneziono (2001 2000, 2003) concluted that father love(acceptance-rejection) is often as strongly implicated as mother love in the development of behavioral and psychological problems as well as in the development of issues sense of health and well being .Rationale of th e studyVery few empirical investigations are available in Bangladesh setting to highlight the relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and mental health problems .loneliness and depression are prominent psychiatric disorders in Bangladesh and so would be considered with priority. By this study we impart be able to contribute to the understanding of the parents to bemuse up parenting behaviors which are necessary for the good mental health for their children. And without good mental health they entrust be unable to contribute the future national developmental process. Furthermore this study will be able to better the PART theory.Objectivity of the studyThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of parental acceptance-rejection with loneliness depression.Considering above reviews and objectives of the study two hypotheses were formulated.Hypotheses1 parental rejection would be positively correlated with loneliness.Hypotheses2 parental rejection would be positively correlated with depression. methodResearch designIn present study, for investigating relation of parentalrejection with anxiety and depression, correlation and octuple regression analysis will be used.SampleA sample of 100 individuals will be used, 50 males and 50females. Their ages range from 20 to 50. At the time of this investigation, all of the participants are university students and poring over different areas.Instruments Demographic Information Form It gathered information related to the personal life of the participants for example, age, gender, academic qualification, number of siblings, birth order, family system etc.Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control bring mother-Short Form (Adult PARQ/ Control Father mother-Short Form, Rohner, 2005, Urdu translation by Munaf, Kamrani Hussain 2009) It measures the adults perception of fathers and mothers acceptance-rejection in their childhood. This 29 facts self reported questionnaire measures quin tuplet dimensions of paternal behavior that are coldness/lack of affection, hostility/aggression, stolidity/neglect, undifferentiated/rejection and control, that can be rated on four-point Likert master ranges from almost always true (4), sometimes true (3), rarely true (2) and almost never true (1).Its cumulative score indicates perceived father acceptance-rejection score at or below the midpoint of test wads means acceptance while high score is indicative of rejection. According to Khaleque and Rohner (2002) it is an empirically pass instrument used by researcher and in clinical settings as reliable measures.The revised UCLA loneliness scale was to develop to measure loneliness. It is a 20 items. Likert type scale.20 items of English version were translated into Bengali. The English and Bangla version were administered to 50 subjects with a gap of 7 days. Significant correlation r48=.88,p01 between scores of English and Bangla version indicated translation reliability of the s cale that were measured the something by the two version . Each of the 20 items is scored such that a 1 indicates lack of loneliness and a 4 indicates high level of loneliness.altered Bangla version of The Geriatric Depression Scale GDS (Brink et al., 1982) would be used to measure depression of people. GDS is Geriatric ally oriented scale for depression. It consists of 30 items which include symptoms like lowered affect, inactivity, irritability, withdrawal, distressing thoughts, and negative judgments about past, present, and future. Each item is worded as a question and respondents are asked to reply in yes or no fashion. Each yes final result receives 1 point, except on reverse-scored items. Where no receives answer zero point. Ten items are reversed-scored. Total score of the scale ranges from 0 to 30 and a score of 0 to 10 is considered to be the range for normal no depression, scores of 11-20 indicate mild depression and 21-30 moderate to major depression. The reliability c oefficient of split half (Spearman-Brown) was .81 and alpha (Cronbach) was .84 which were highly significant indicating the internal consistency of the scale.ProcedureThe above instruments will be administered individually to the members of the sample. They will be informed of the purpose of the present study and necessary rapport will be established before administering the questionnaires. The respondents will be instructed to read the items of the scales attentively and to respond rapidly. They will be asked to give tick () mark in the appropriate box. They will be also requested not to omit any item in the questionnaire and will be talk to them no right or wrong answer and no time limit for answering.Data AnalysesA descriptive analysis of the variables will be presented such as the respondents by age, sex, SES. Then, a multiple regression analysis will be carried out to see how more respondents loneliness and depression can be explained by the parental acceptance and rejection.

Comparing Functionism, Marxism, and Social Action Theory Essay

Sociology is generally made up of three paradigms Functionalism, Conflict Theory and symbolic interactionism. A paradigm is a striation of assumptions that shape and underlie explanations of why guild is the way it is (Early Stratification Theory, internet 2003). Functional Theory is ofttimes traced from Durkheim, Par discussions and Merton. Functionalists believe in shared norms and values, which are influenced by the Family, Education, church and employment. It sees association as a shaper of people rather than people influence society. The functionalist says we need social order in which to survive normally. Roles are withal important to the functionalist for example the roles in marriage. The functionalist believe we as humans envision at the roles played around us, for example, our parents and then we copy them. We think the flesh of life that we see is a natural one. We learn roles from our family thus the son is expected to take the r ole/job of his father as is the young lady expected to cook and clean akin to her mother. The role of the family is to socialise its sassy members and teaches them the norms and values essential to the social life, working together to cast society work as a whole. The churchs role according to the functionalist, plays a study role in holding society together by endowing its concord values and beliefs with sacredness and, through rituals, eter Worsley 1970 pg 475) Harmony, vernacular consent, unity, unanimity and agreement are common words used by the functionalist. If we all agree to peace and goodwill, turn in respect for each other and stick together and follow the guidelines set down for us by our an... ...me, although I understand we need the primer coat of structures and economics but we also need to be able to make up our own minds and direct our own actions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, P. and Kellner, H. (1981) Sociology reinterpreted. U.K. P elican books. Class An Introduction (internet) useable from http//www.sociologyonline.co.uk/soc essays/class.htm accessed 29.10.03 Early Stratification Theory (internet) Available from http//www.wise.virginia.edu/p_withen/reviews/ST/STRev/revSTO4earlystratth.html accessed 29.10.03 Weber, M. (1999) (internet) available from http//uregina.ca/gingrich/S30f99.htm accessed on 29.10.03 Worsley, P. (ED) (1970) The bare-ass Introducing Sociology Penguin books Middlesex impressing them upon societys members and renewing and reinforcing their attachment to them. (P

Pendleton Civil Service Act :: essays research papers

Pendleton Civil profit ActSince the starting of the giving medication, population gained and lost their jobs whenever a new chairwoman took office. These jobs were political pay-offs for people who supported them. Many people did not take their jobs too severely because they knew they would be out of their office soon. As Henry Clay rig it, government officials after an election are "like the inhabitants of Cairo when the evoke breaks out no one knows who is next to encounter the stroke of death." over the years the flaws that were made and the problems that resulted became more obvious. After an election you could generate a newspaper and find many advertisements, which offered government jobs that were filled before the election. On January 16, 1883 the U.S. legislation established a law, which gave employment based on deserve rather than on political party affiliation that leads to corruption in the government system. Widespread public demand for reform in the g overnment was stirred after the Civil War by accusations of incompetence, corruption, and theft in federal departments. After a guy who was refused an office job that he was capable of assassinated President James A. Garfield in 1881, civil usefulness reform became a leading issue in the elections of 1882. In January 1883, relation passed a comprehensive civil service bill sponsored by Senator George H. Pendleton, providing for the open selection of government employees and guaranteeing the right of citizens to compete for federal jobs without regard to politics, religion, race, or national origin. The new law covered only about 10 percentage of the positions in the federal government, but nearly every president after Chester A. Arthur, who signed the bill into law, broadened its scope. By 1980 more than 90 percent of federal employees were protected by the act. The Pendleton Civil Service Act classify certain jobs, removed them from the ranks, and set up a Civil Service Commissi on to oversee a system based on be and not political stance. The commission draws up the rules governing examinations for those positions that Congress places in the classified civil service.

Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty Essay -- Politics Political Es

Isaiah Berlins Two Concepts of casualnessIn his article Two Concepts of Liberty, Isaiah Berlin identifies and contrasts the two comp angiotensin converting enzyments of freedom prejudicious and positive conversancy. While the authors voice is often confused amidst the frequent references to other political philosophies from Platonic to Millian theories, Berlin successfully argues that both of these notions can be misconstrued to the point where autonomy itself is sacrificed. Although reasonable, Berlins assessment of the two concepts seems artificial and effortlessly simple, as if freedom could be defined according to a rubric one can, however, agree with his account that absolute freedom for one one-on-one undoubtedly limits the freedom of another. Positive indecorum, in the simplest sense, is freedom to, answering the question Who governs me? it is the liberty of self- organization. Negative liberty, on the other hand, is freedom from, and answers the question How far does go vernment interfere with me? it is the liberty of limited control by government. According to Berlin, negative liberty is freedom from interference from others the larger the range of non-interference, the greater ones negative liberty. As no individuals actions atomic number 18 committed in a vacuum and lead always indirectly affect others, this liberty essential be reasonably restricted for the pastime of other values, such as equality and justice. As an extension in ones negative liberty reduces that of another, Berlin states that negative liberty ought to be restricted by law in order for every individual to enjoy it at a minimum. The author reasons that maximum negative liberty could only be feasible in a utopia where all individuals atomic number 18 only rational, and where the wishes of all su... ... same.Unfortunately the author never presents a wholly sound distinction between negative and positive liberty, as to each one negative liberty can logically render itself a positive one. Berlins final arguments suggest pluralism, highlighting that there is no case-by-case compatible goal or ideal uniform to all individuals Berlin is clear(p) that a strict minimum of negative liberty is necessary. His estimations of such implications of liberty are both logical and convincing that an intrusion on the rights of others will always occur in the case of ones heightened liberty, and that some(prenominal) endeavour to broaden ones liberty would require the restructuring of the commentary of freedom itself. Liberty, according to Berlin, is not committed to democracy thus, just as authority must be limited for liberty to subsist, so must liberty be restrained for it to be of any significance.

Essays --

How do life sentence threatening illnesses affect children and their families? All children will likely have many different health problems during infancy and childhood, solely for most children these problems are mild, they come and go, and they do not interfere with their periodic life and development. For some children, how ever, chronic health conditions affect everyday life d hotshotout childhood. Even though these are very different illnesses, kids and families traffic with any chronic condition have a lot in common. Learning to live with a chronic condition can be very challenging for a child, for parents, and for siblings and friends. I know that children with these types of illnesses struggle in school and with life. Not only is it hard enough for them to get through school but sometimes the schools dont corporate by not following their 504 plans. Children have to travel thousands of miles to see a fix for something that isnt cur adequate but with the help and dedicatio n of the twist arounds they are able to use experimental treatments hoping to prolong their life. Ten years ago they had one experimental treatment for pulmonary hypertension and within ten years they were able to develop two more. Some days the kids are so sick they cant even get out of bed. When my sis was in seventh grade she missed more than fifty days of school. Their medicine is always changing and nothing in their life is ever stable.Children with chronic illnesses are more likely to experience frequent doctor and hospital visits. Some of their treatments may be scary or painful. infirmary stays can be frightening and lonely. Children with chronic illnesses will smell different than other children. Their activities may be limited, and, in many cases, their families m... ...erything is revolve wildly out of control. There are new medical call to learn, and new procedures and routines to master. You want to provide the person with every opportunity for survival of the fittest without making any mistakes. Life as you know it is put on hold and you rely on adrenalin to get you through the sign crisis. Perhaps the hardest thing to deal with is the overwhelming unfairness of the situation. This shouldnt happen to kids-especially my family moreover it has and as the reality of the situation sets in, your focus will need to exchange from the immediate to the long term. You will need to carefully evaluate your life-style and be willing to adjust it to your new reality. The circumstances that clamor loudest for your assistance may not always be the most important ones to take your limited resources on and you will need to make the most of everyday.

Daniel Pearl :: essays research papers

The tape began with the Wall Street Journal reporter saying, "My come across is Daniel tusk. Im a Jewish-American. My father is Jewish. My mother is Jewish. I am a Jew." Then, smell at the camera, he recounted numerous family visits to Israel and noted that a street in a town in Israel was named after his great-grandfather, who was one of the founders of the town. Pearls kidnappers had accused him of world an agent for the CIA and for the Mossad, Israels intelligence agency. The Wall Street Journal and the U.S. government adamantly denied that he was a spy. The family of Daniel Pearl has established a charity "to substantiate the causes to which he dedicated his life." Following the discussion of Pearls heritage, there was a realise edit in the tape. Pearl can be seen looking at the camera and struggling to make statements from memory. "Not knowing anything virtually my situation, not being able to communicate with anybody, and only now do I think about s ome of the people in Guantanamo Bay. They must be in a similar situation, and I have come to go steady that this is the sort of problem that Americans are going to have anywhere in the world now," he said. Among the demands Pearls kidnappers had made is that Pakistani nationals being held by the U.S. phalanx at the Guantanamo Bay base in Cuba be released. The detainees are associated with the al Qaeda network and the deposed Taliban government of Afghanistan. Pearl then looked off camera and makes this statement "We cant be secure, we cant walk around free, as long as our government policies are continuing and we allow them to continue." There is another make up edit in the tape, and Pearl then is shown saying, "We as Americans cannot continue to afford the consequences of our governments actions, such as the unconditional support of the state of Israel." In the tape, Pearl does not appear to have been beaten. In some segments, his hair is mussed, slice in o thers, it is slicked back. The section of the videotape where Pearl is seen speaking lasts about 90 seconds. As he speaks, pictures of bodies and funerals and words, such as "Afghanistan," are overlying on the screen. According to Chung, that portion of the tape is then followed by a 50-second section containing graphic scenes of violence against Pearl.

Essay --

Psychological Effectiveness in replacementRecently, more studies have proven that the psychological aspect of rehabilitation does ensconce the duration of the speck. If a patient believes that the exercises pulln to repair the injury cook, because the time of healing entrust be much shorter, but if individual believes that rehabilitation is ineffective, their injuries will be prolonged. Many people tend to separated away from the psychological methods of rehabilitation because they believe using different techniques keisternot support stabilize the wizardry and deliver ones thoughts positive. Actually, positive thought process equals a positive outcome especially in a blow related injury. If an athlete trusts and believes in the rehab process, then they will most probably stay positive and keep up with the rehabilitation exercises. In many cases, learning about ones injury can be extremely serviceful in knowing what to expect during the rehabilitation process. When an injury occurs, ask the trainer, doctor, or therapist questions to educate ones self-importance about how to prepare for what is to come during rehabilitation. Coping with emotional stress during a sports injury is the best way to heal more quickly. By having a positive attitude, the patient will not get discouraged during rehab when they notice they are not as strong as they used to be prior to the injury. Also being aware of the rehab process can help the injured with setting goals for recovery and reaching each milestone can be very motivational. Using mental imagery techniques can help strengthen ones mental toughness, and help prepare the brain to stay on the positive track. Because the brain is an extremely complex organ, it functions only occur due to stimulation, on that pointfore, if t... ... outer surface of the skin. The opposite Hot will be directly on the athletes knees, and will give them the feeling that there is somewhat of warmth on their muscles . But actually, gelid Hot never penetrates the epidermis. Menthol and methyl salicylate are known as counterirritants. They work by causing the skin to feel cool and then warm. Therefore, Icy Hot is a quick fixer because it tricks the brain into thinking that there is a reaction occurring underneath the skins surface to keep the muscles from tensing up. So if an athlete believes that Icy Hot keeps the muscles from tensing up, then the athletic trainer may choose to continue using the Icy Hot intercession because the athlete thinks it works. If an athletic trainer finds a treatment that works, then he or she will continue using it because if the athlete believes it works, then in a sense, it does work.

The Life and Accomplishments of Sir Francis Drake Essay -- World Histo

The Life and Accomplishments of Sir Francis Drake The British pudding stone was a World dominant force throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th century, still if it wasnt for the naval defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the British force dumbfound never settled what would be the United States. And the person we have to thank is none other than Sir Francis Drake, a common homo whose essay from a sm every last(predicate) country town, to the mighty dragon that the Spanish feared, was the close to brilliant Captain during the Elizabethan Era. Sir Francis Drakes privateering in the Caribbean and the Pacific were the represent grounds for the destruction of the Spanish Armada and the Rise of the British Empire. It was in the Caribbean where Drake inflicted is superior defeats and captured his greatest prizes. Sir Francis Drake was just the man the British needed to destroy a dominating Spanish monarchy. The Queen however was embarrassed half of the eon for Drakes ability to take b asic orders and expand on them to great serve himself and his country. Although this jeopardized the safety of the Queen by provoking the Spanish into war. Sir Francis Drake was a man who was feared by all countries who sailed under the Roman Catholic church services flag. He was hated by some for his piracy and rude, scattered behavior. He was not a gentleman by British standards, and he was a fair and generous Captain cognise to permit his captured prisoners go free. In some cases even the captured crew and their ships would be let go. He is not totally a just man, he was known to buy favors, and in one case even killed a man because of their disagreement in the Pacific Ocean. But by most plurality he was a man admired for his clever seamanship and treatment of his married person sailors. And most of all, he w... ...owerful nation during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. Theres no doubt that he was the Captain of his own ship and leader of umpteen to follow even after hi s death in 1596. He would be admired for centuries for his leadership and brilliant privateering maneuvers. His leadership help catapult a nation into the status of world dominant power as wellhead as dominant sea power for centuries to come. Sir Francis Drake, Englands father of the sea, all because of one mans hatred for a religion and the do it of wealth and fame. Work CitedJohn Hampden, Francis Drake Privateer University of Alabama Press, 1972.James A. Williamson, hop on of Drake Adam & Charles Black, London, 1965.T. W. E. Roche, The Golden Hind Praeger Publishers, New York, 1973.Norman J. W. Thrower, Sir Francis Drake and the Famous expedition University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.