Saturday, March 2, 2019

Nelson Glueck

Nelson Glueck was born on June 4, 1900 in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the 70 geezerhood of his life he was a well-k instantaneouslyn Rabbi and archaeologist until his death on February 12, 1971. At the age of 23, he was ordained as a advance rabbi by the Hebrew Union College and four years later was awarded his Ph.D. at Jena, Ger many another(prenominal), for his dissertation on the scriptural concept of hesed (the Hebrew term for worth or divine liberalness). Until creative activity War II Gluek worked with William Foxwell Albright at the American School of Oriental Research in capital of Israel (ASOR,) and Albrights shaft of narrate Beit Mirsim. Glueck himself served as director of ASOR, as well as having a talent position at HUC in Jerusalem.After graduating from Cincinnati Public Schools, he atteneded the University of Cincinnati where he fix his bachelors degree. Glueck went home in 1931 and married Helen Ransohof Iglauer, a medical school-age child at the University of Cincinnati who was a professor of medicine. Their only son Dr. Charles Jonathan Glueck was a tell physician as well.Glueck continued his studies in Germany for four years and received his doctorate degree from the University of Jena in 1926. For the next two years (1927-28) he would continue his studies at the School in Jerusalem. While studying in Palestine he became interested in archaeology, returning twice (1930 and 1932) to conduce part in an jibe of Tell Beit Mirsim, probably biblical Debir (Kirjath-Sepher).During World War II Glueck served in the Office of Strategic Services (the precursor of the CIA), examining possible escape routes for the each(prenominal)ies through with(predicate) the desert, in anticipation of the German army under General Rommel, reaching Palestine. Fortunately, Rommels advance was halted by the assort in Egypt. He created the HUC Biblical and Archaeological School in Jerusalem in 1963, the analogous year that he appe atomic number 18d on t he cover of time magazine. The institute was renamed in 1972 to the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology. Glueck by and by(prenominal) the war became prexy of the Hebrew Union College, and then president of the combined HUC- Judaic Institute of Religion, a position he held until his death in 1971. This is the same colledge that ordained him as a Rabbi.As president Glueck over sawing machine the merger of HUC with the Jewish Institute of Religion, expanding the macrocosm based out of Cincinnati to now include schools in New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. He played a vital role in the creation of the Schools of Jewish Communal Service and was the orderer of the School of Biblical and Archaeological Studies in Jerusalem, in honor of him they now bears his name.Excavation Sites and Methods of ExcavationThe al-Quran was his map for excavations and, in turn, the excavations unload a bit of light on the Bible. Sheldon H. Blank and H. Ginsberg none, A scientist he was, y et a fragment of a wall or a potsherd could evoke an emotional as well as an intellectual response. He had a love affair with the Land (the heart overturn), he uncovered not the history but the drama of people. This makes sense seeing Gluecks service as a rabbi and studies of the Old Testament.Glueck excavated salwaysal sends in 1950 he excavated the remains of the purification of the Nabataeans in Transjordan, this was a copper-mining industry that was regain at the shore of the red-faced Sea. This showed how the Negev could jut a such a large population cod to the use of irrigation techniques using the rubor Sea.Therefore what Glueck says about Negev is, The length and breadth of the Negev were interconnected with roads marked by fortresses, villages, way stations and unassailable cisterns. The erecting of fortresses over the Negev served as an excellent source of protection and saw villages flourish, and agriculture grows, and watertight cisterns surrounded the Negev whic h make possible the emergence of villages and flocks in beas where they would otherwise not be present.Glueck to a fault spent a pickle of time working to define a history for the Negev and wrote The Archaeological floor of the Negev based on his findings. Glueck notes that there were a series of elegances there and that the Negev is positioned amid Canaan, Arabia, and Egypt which made it a strategic location. He indicates that the different civilizations experienced no significant changes in the climate and that no climatic changes cave in occurred inside the last ten thousand years at least.Chalcolithic pottery has been laid in the Negev which indicates that a civilization existed there during that power point. After this civilization disappe bed, the land was un employ for al slightly a thousand years until the Middle dye I period ( among 21st and 19th centuries BC). This civilization was agricultural as stated by beehive stone houses that are located on slopes of pil es located preceding(prenominal) land useable for farming. Cup holes carved in limestone were found that indicate they were use for grinding grain and this evidence has been situated in MB I by the stories of Abraham in the Old Testament.Glueck ExcavationsArchaeology discover by Glueck indicates a range of civilizations such as the Nabateans who left a substantial amount of pottery behind. Nabateans were known for their worship of multiple deities and are traditionally place as being pagan which makes the discovery of Khierbet Et-Tannur (a temple) significant. Glueck notes that tour the entire site had not been excavated at the time of his writing, A social unit pantheon of hitherto unknown Nabataean deities was found in the temple that had become their grave. This temple sits on top of a hill with evidence of stair lawsuits leading up steep areas and leading Glueck to believe that goddesses were honored at the peak of this hill and those like it.In 1938 Glueck also did an ex cavation on the Union third, during the excavation of the site he found a location of forty-five rooms. The mounds most impressive structure was uncovered in the north westerly corner of the excavated area, a expression decomposable consisting of ternion roughly square units at the northern end and three larger rectangular rooms extending to the south. The latter are 7.40 m in length and of varying widths (2.00-3.00 m). The building measures 13.20 m in length (north-south) and is 12.30 m large on the north side and 13.20 m wide on the south side. The exterior walls are 1.20 m wide interior walls vary between 0.95 and 1.05 m. The walls were preserved to a height of 2.70 m. The building is almost entirely of mudbrick construction. Its bricks measure ca. 0.40 x 0.20 x 0.10 m and were set(p) in a roughly header and stretcher fashion.They found 2 swimming rows of wooden beams that could be consider as construction to fortify the walls. they had semicircular holes which proved thi s was a result of the excitement and it also confirm the construction and used of wooden beams as written in I big businessmans. This way of construction with support beams is referenced in I Kings 636 which reads, He (Solomon) built the inner court with three courses of hew out stone and one course of cedar beams. Wooden beams, halved in the case of Tell el-Kheleifeh, were embedded across the widths of the walls, creating a concentrateder bond. The semicircular holes were all that remained after the timbers were consumed in a destruction by fire.These features were also discovered elsewhere in the sites architecture, notably in Room 49. Eight installations, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. Slag was also found at this site which Glueck believes indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh was used to remelt globules of copper ore retrieved through surfacelurgical processes in the Wadi Arabah smelting sites to shape them into easily salable ingots or pour the molten metal into molds. Ezion-Geber was also a marketplace from Arabia to Palestine. Support for this fact came when pottery was found that had horn handles and mat bases which is associated with the Calebites, Kenites, Rechabites, Yerahmeelites, dated to Iron Age I-II. Furthermore, the building was identified as a stone house granary and had the means of smelting and fire damage present further supporting the results of the fire. Glueck notes, The strong winds which constantly prominence from the north in the Arabah furnished the draft necessary for the proper public presentation of the furnaces. A fortified outer wall protected the building, and while Ezion-Geber I was probably destroyed by Shishak, it was rebuilt with a gateway reminiscent of Jehosophat of Judah (871-849 BC).Glueck also led important excavations in Ezion-Geber where it is believed that Solomons naval base was located. Excavations began in litigate 1998, and it took three months to uncover one-third of the site. Pottery was discovered at this site along with other findings but its important to note is that the pottery varied. A piece of Edomite pottery was discovered carrying the name QoS which could reference a kind of a god. This indicates that this area had been occupied over a long period of time.An article published in The Biblical Archaeologist in 1965 entitle Ezion-Geber finds Glueck arguing that Tell el- Kheleifeh is Ezion-Geber. In this article he indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh is equal by a low small mound that is located approximately in the center of the north shore of the Gulf of Aqabah, midway between Jordanian Aqabah at its east end and Israeli Eilat at its west end. Today, it sits five hundred yards from the shore and is estimated to project been at least three hundred yards away many millennia ago during its first occupation in 10th century BC. The location appear to be consistent with the Bibles description in I Kings 926 of beside Eloth, on the shore of the Re d Sea, in the land of Edom.Glueck further state that, The conviction that there has been relatively little change in the northern shoreline derives partly from our discovery of a copper smelting site on a low shoreline foothill at Mrashrash, now incorporated into Eilat, immediately overlooking the northwest end of the Gulf of Aqabah. And that the explorations in Eastern Palestine began to appear in 1933, opening new views on the movement of peoples in the Transjordan area in antiquity. Landmarks in his archeologic odyssey were King Solomons port city Ezion-Geber and his copper mines the unexpectedly numerous settlements in the Negev Khirbet Tannur and the civilization of the Nabataeans the systematic excavation of Tell Gezer.Glueck excavated area at the end of the 1940 sequence was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east-west. The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba. The highest point of the tell w as southeastward of its center (Square N17) at +2.84 m, corresponding to the absolute height above sea level of +6.83 m. The deepest excavated level, reportedly to virgin soil, was in Room 113 ( 1.53 m) on a lower floor benchmark level. The difference in height between the deepest wall behind of the western casemate perimeter and the top of the preserved walls was 4.37 m.Although, Tell el-Kheleifeh is not considered a conspicuous site today. Its appearance is very familiar to that of the many touch hillocks. A surface survey in August 1980 revealed that, the area of existing architecture is little more than 12 square meters and a hardly a(prenominal) mudbrick walls have been preserved to a height of 1.5 m. The fragmentary remains could not be located on the plans prepared by Gluecks architect J. Pinkerfeld. It is possible that the existing walls represent an architectural assortment from the various periods of occupation. They appear to be located south-southeast of the sites largest structure. The excavators northern, eastern, and western dumps provided the reference points for location. Although there are no visible remains of the most distinctive architectural elements, a wall in the northern section of preserved architecture, with two horizontal rows of apertures, were interpreted initially as flues. Gluecks excavation area is where the mound has been nauseated at s invariablyal points by modern military installations, most notably an observation tower toward the southern end of Its foundationsappear to have sawed-off undisturbed levels to a depth of 1.5 m. Several trenches have also been do into the northern and western sections of the site, and these disturbances produced an abundance of finds, including a stamped Rhodian jar handle and a bronze trefoil arrowhead. The material remains gleaned from this survey provide a valuable complement to the 1938-40 assemblage.DiscoveriesBiblical scholars have make outd for years whether or not the Edomites ever had a true kingdom, or was a mining industry. In the 1930s, Nelson Glueck made a claim to have found King Solomons mines, citing, among other things, evidence of mining trails, as well as slag mounds. However, Gluecks claim was generally dismissed after British excavations in the 1970s and 80s seemed to show that immense mining didnt come to the area until hundreds of years after Solomons rule. A consensus emerged that the Bible was heavily edited in the 5th century BCE, long after the evets, while British excavations of the Edomite highlands in the 1970s-80s suggested the Iron Age had not even come to Edom until the 7th century BCE. Levy, Director of the Levantine Archaeology lab at UCSD and associate director of the new Center of Interdisciplinary visualiseing for Art, Architecture, and Archaeology (CISA3), inferred that data from the first large-scale stratified and systematic excavation of a site in the southern Levant ,gave evidence that complex societies were indee d active in 10th and 9th centuries BCE. Which brings us back to the debate about the historicity of the Hebrew Bible narratives related to this period. Glueck discoveries in Faynan/Edom got laughed at, but this new-fashioned discovery has vindicated him. Biblical ImpactGlueck believed that the Hebrew Bible contains historic holding, but one that cannot be proven. He felt that the spirit of the Israelites was tacit alive in modern Israel, instilling that belief in both his students and his colleagues. Today, our look for paradigms may differ from those of Gluecks day, but his enthusiasm and scholarly rightfulness remain with us always. The range of Gluecks excavations speaks volume and will echo through the sands of time.He have certainly paved the way for Biblical archaeology to memmic and gave believers more resources to study outside of the Bible. Archaeology cannot be used to prove a Biblical account, however, it definitely can be used to assert the existence of a certain na tion at the same time in history. Through Glueck work and the excavations performed by him, believers now have the abilty to research further and take a deep dive into a rich history.ConclusionGlueck work not only laid a strong foundation but it also paved the way in a since to how archaeology is an under narrative, providing believers with a broader knowledge and understanding. Through human beings like Nelson Glueck, archaeology has emerged and will continue to grow in a positive way. The whole whole kit and boodle of Glueck continue to ring true and set a precedent for research that every area on the face of the earth, be it outwardly ever so waste and empty, has a story behind it which the inquisitive before or later will attempt to obtain. Well put statement by Glueck himself in the relationship of the Bible to archaeology. He writesAs a matter of fact, however, it may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a biblical reference. Scores of archaeological findings have been made which confirm to clear outline or in remove detail historical statements in the Bible.And by the same token, proper eval- uations of the biblical descriptions has often led to amazing discoveries. They form tesserae in the vast arial mosaic of the Bibles almost incredible correct historical memory.Glueck put his conviction into figure when he sought to locate King Solomonss long-lost port city of Ezion-Geber. The memory of its location had been in Glueck words snuffed out. like the flame of a gutted candle. Glueck began by consulting 1 Kings of the Bible that documented this site. The biblical statement said it was located beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea in the land of Edom (1 Kings 9261022). The Bible served him as a guidebook in his explorations, and his explorations shed light on the Bible. An example we can all learn from. Not that he believed archaeology could or even should lend support to the supreme spiritual values and ethical norms which are native to the Bible.These have their own manifest value. Glueck patience and persistence in his work makes his discoveries and works worth remembering. His dedication and the contribution he has made to the field of archaeology is a valued resource for believer and future archaeologist. The Bible is the excite and accurate pronounce of God and God often confirm His Word through mankind. Therefore, we should compare the Scriptural records against the archeological discoveries uncovered at these sites where many of these thrilling events of the Bible actually occurred. The results of these detailed investigations are available for all to examine.BibliographyThe Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology, Our founder Nelson Glueck (1900-1971), The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology (2010), (accessed October 8, 2018).Albright, William F. Nelson Glueck in Memoriam. bare of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 202 (1971) 2-1. http//www.jstor.org/sta ble/1356266. (accessed October 8, 2018).Glueck, Nelson. 1961. The archaeological history of the Negev. Hebrew Union College Annual 32, 11-18. ATLASerials, Religion Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed October 8, 2018)Ezion-Geber Nelson Glueck Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh 1965 AD, http//www.bible.ca/ archaeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm (accessed October 8, 2018).Solomons vindication at Elat, Aqaba Tell El-kheleifeh and Jezirit, http//www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aq (accessed October 8, 2018).Pratico, Gary D. Nelson Gluecks 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell El-Kheleifeh A Reappraisal. bare of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 259 (1985) 1-32. doi10.2307/1356795. (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Gluecks 1938-1940 Excavations At Tell El-kheleifeh .., http//www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- Nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavation s-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico (accessed October 8, 2018).Uncovering The Secrets Of Kahn, Da Vinci And Solomons .., http//www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/uncovering-the-secrets (accessed October 8, 2018).King Solomons (copper) Mines? University Of California .., http//ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/soc/10-22KingSolomon.asp (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, New York, Grove Press, 1960, p. 31Price, J. Randall. The Stones birdcall Out What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible. Eugene, Oreg. Harvest House, 1997.

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